Journal of Clinical Oncology, Vol 15, 594-603, Copyright © 1997 by American Society of Clinical Oncology
International Germ Cell Consensus Classification: a prognostic factor- based staging system for metastatic germ cell cancers. International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group
PURPOSE: Cisplatin-containing chemotherapy has dramatically improved the
outlook for patients with metastatic germ cell tumors (GCT), and overall
cure rates now exceed 80%. To make appropriate risk-based decisions about
therapy and to facilitate collaborative trials, a simple prognostic
factor-based staging classification is required. MATERIALS: Collaborative
groups from 10 countries provided clinical data on patients with metastatic
GCT treated with cisplatin-containing chemotherapy. Multivariate analyses
of prognostic factors for progression and survival were performed and
models were validated on an independent data set. RESULTS: Data were
available on 5,202 patients with nonseminomatous GCT (NSGCT) and 660
patients with seminoma. Median follow-up time was 5 years. For NSGCT the
following independent adverse factors were identified: mediastinal primary
site; degree of elevation of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic
gonadotropin (HCG), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH); and presence of
nonpulmonary visceral metastases (NPVM), such as liver, bone, and brain.
For seminoma, the predominant adverse feature was the presence of NPVM.
Integration of these factors produced the following groupings: good
prognosis, comprising 60% of GCT with a 91% (89% to 93%) 5-year survival
rate; intermediate prognosis, comprising 26% of GCT with a 79% (75% to 83%)
5- year survival rate; and poor prognosis, comprising 14% of GCT (all with
NSGCT) with a 48% (42% to 54%) 5-year survival rate. CONCLUSION: An easily
applicable, clinically based, prognostic classification for GCT has been
agreed on between all the major clinical trial groups who are presently
active worldwide. This should be used in clinical practice and in the
design and reporting of clinical trials to aid international collaboration
and understanding.

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Modified and Bilateral Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection for Testicular Cancer: Peri- and Postoperative Complications and Therapeutic Outcome
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[Abstract]
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G. V. Kondagunta, J. Bacik, D. Bajorin, D. Dobrzynski, J. Sheinfeld, R. J. Motzer, and G. J. Bosl
Etoposide and Cisplatin Chemotherapy for Metastatic Good-Risk Germ Cell Tumors
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B. V. Duwe, D. H. Sterman, and A. I. Musani
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Chest,
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[Abstract]
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J.-L. Pico, G. Rosti, A. Kramar, H. Wandt, V. Koza, R. Salvioni, C. Theodore, G. Lelli, W. Siegert, A. Horwich, et al.
A randomised trial of high-dose chemotherapy in the salvage treatment of patients failing first-line platinum chemotherapy for advanced germ cell tumours
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U. De Giorgi, T. Demirer, H. Wandt, C. Taverna, W. Siegert, M. Bornhauser, T. Kozak, G. Papiani, M. Ballardini, G. Rosti, et al.
Second-line high-dose chemotherapy in patients with mediastinal and retroperitoneal primary non-seminomatous germ cell tumors: the EBMT experience
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K. Fizazi, S. Culine, A. Kramar, R. J. Amato, J. Bouzy, I. Chen, J.-P. Droz, and C. J. Logothetis
Early Predicted Time to Normalization of Tumor Markers Predicts Outcome in Poor-Prognosis Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumors
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G. C. Toner
Early Identification of Therapeutic Failure in Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumors by Assessing Serum Tumor Marker Decline During Chemotherapy: Still Not Ready for Routine Clinical Use
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H. J. Schmoll, R. Souchon, S. Krege, P. Albers, J. Beyer, C. Kollmannsberger, S. D. Fossa, N. E. Skakkebaek, R. de Wit, K. Fizazi, et al.
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M. R. van Dijk, E. W. Steyerberg, S. P. Stenning, and J. D. F. Habbema
Identifying subgroups among poor prognosis patients with nonseminomatous germ cell cancer by tree modelling: a validation study
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H. Sakurai, H. Asamura, K. Suzuki, S.-i. Watanabe, and R. Tsuchiya
Management of Primary Malignant Germ Cell Tumor of the Mediastinum
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G. F. V. Woude, G. J. Kelloff, R. W. Ruddon, H.-M. Koo, C. C. Sigman, J. C. Barrett, R. W. Day, A. P. Dicker, R. S. Kerbel, D. R. Parkinson, et al.
Reanalysis of Cancer Drugs: Old Drugs, New Tricks
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H. Nakajima, M. Oki, S. Matsukura, M. Nakamura, M. Tokunaga, and K. Ando
Germ Cell Tumors: CASE 1. Intraocular Metastases From Testicular Cancer
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D. Gholam, J.-P. Lotz, D. Atallah, and C. Theodore
Germ Cell Tumors: CASE 2. Unusual Course of Pure Testicular Seminoma
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B. P. Schneider, K. A. Kesler, J. A. Brooks, C. Yiannoutsos, and L. H. Einhorn
Outcome of Patients With Residual Germ Cell or Non-Germ Cell Malignancy After Resection of Primary Mediastinal Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Cancer
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M. J. Duffy, C. Duggan, R. Keane, A. D.K. Hill, E. McDermott, J. Crown, and N. O'Higgins
High Preoperative CA 15-3 Concentrations Predict Adverse Outcome in Node-Negative and Node-Positive Breast Cancer: Study of 600 Patients with Histologically Confirmed Breast Cancer
Clin. Chem.,
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[Abstract]
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D. Bajorin
The Phase III Candidate: Can We Improve the Science of Selection?
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A. C. Donadio, R. J. Motzer, D. F. Bajorin, P. W. Kantoff, J. Sheinfeld, J. Houldsworth, R. S.K. Chaganti, and G. J. Bosl
Chemotherapy for Teratoma With Malignant Transformation
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R. J. Motzer and J. Sheinfeld
Poor-Risk Testicular Cancer and High-Dose Chemotherapy
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H.-J. Schmoll, C. Kollmannsberger, B. Metzner, J.T. Hartmann, N. Schleucher, P. Schoffski, J. Schleicher, O. Rick, J. Beyer, D. Hossfeld, et al.
Long-Term Results of First-Line Sequential High-Dose Etoposide, Ifosfamide, and Cisplatin Chemotherapy Plus Autologous Stem Cell Support for Patients With Advanced Metastatic Germ Cell Cancer: An Extended Phase I/II Study of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group
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November 15, 2003;
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D. A. Vaena, R. Abonour, and L. H. Einhorn
Long-Term Survival After High-Dose Salvage Chemotherapy for Germ Cell Malignancies With Adverse Prognostic Variables
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J. Oldenburg, G. C. Alfsen, H. H. Lien, N. Aass, H. Waehre, and S. D. Fossa
Postchemotherapy Retroperitoneal Surgery Remains Necessary in Patients With Nonseminomatous Testicular Cancer and Minimal Residual Tumor Masses
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J. Miyazaki, K. Kawai, H. Hayashi, M. Onozawa, S. Tsukamoto, N. Miyanaga, S. Hinotsu, T. Shimazui, and H. Akaza
The Limited Efficacy of Methotrexate, Actinomycin D and Cisplatin (MAP) for Patients with Advanced Testicular Cancer
Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol.,
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M. Mazumdar, J. Bacik, S. K. Tickoo, D. Dobrzynski, A. Donadio, D. Bajorin, R. Motzer, V. Reuter, and G. J. Bosl
Cluster Analysis of p53 and Ki67 Expression, Apoptosis, Alpha-Fetoprotein, and Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin Indicates a Favorable Prognostic Subgroup Within the Embryonal Carcinoma Germ Cell Tumor
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A. Madani, K. Kemmer, C. Sweeney, C. Corless, T. Ulbright, M. Heinrich, and L. Einhorn
Expression of KIT and epidermal growth factor receptor in chemotherapy refractory non-seminomatous germ-cell tumors
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T. Powles, M. Bower, G. Daugaard, J. Shamash, A. De Ruiter, M. Johnson, M. Fisher, J. Anderson, S. Mandalia, J. Stebbing, et al.
Multicenter Study of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Related Germ Cell Tumors
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R.A. Huddart, A. Norman, M. Shahidi, A. Horwich, D. Coward, J. Nicholls, and D.P. Dearnaley
Cardiovascular Disease as a Long-Term Complication of Treatment for Testicular Cancer
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S. D. Fossa, R. de Wit, J. T. Roberts, P. M. Wilkinson, P. H.M. de Mulder, G. M. Mead, P. Cook, L. de Prijck, S. Stenning, N. K. Aaronson, et al.
Quality of Life in Good Prognosis Patients With Metastatic Germ Cell Cancer: A Prospective Study of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genitourinary Group/Medical Research Council Testicular Cancer Study Group (30941/TE20)
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K. Kawai, J. Miyazaki, S. Tsukamoto, S. Hinotsu, K. Hattori, T. Shimazui, and H. Akaza
Paclitaxel, Ifosfamide and Cisplatin Regimen is Feasible for Japanese Patients with Advanced Germ Cell Cancer
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G. Calaminus, D.T. Schneider, J.P.M. Bokkerink, H. Gadner, D. Harms, R. Willers, and U. Gobel
Prognostic Value of Tumor Size, Metastases, Extension into Bone, and Increased Tumor Marker in Children With Malignant Sacrococcygeal Germ Cell Tumors: A Prospective Evaluation of 71 Patients Treated in the German Cooperative Protocols Maligne Keimzelltumoren (MAKEI) 83/86 and MAKEI 89
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J.A. Christian, R.A. Huddart, A. Norman, M. Mason, S. Fossa, N. Aass, E.J. Nicholl, D.P. Dearnaley, and A. Horwich
Intensive Induction Chemotherapy With CBOP/BEP in Patients With Poor Prognosis Germ Cell Tumors
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D. W. George, R. S. Foster, R. A. Hromas, K. A. Robertson, G. H. Vance, T. M. Ulbright, T. A. Gobbett, D. J. Heiber, N. A. Heerema, H. C. Ramsey, et al.
Update on Late Relapse of Germ Cell Tumor: A Clinical and Molecular Analysis
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T. Kamoto, S. Satomura, T. Yoshiki, Y. Okada, F. Henmi, H. Nishiyama, T. Kobayashi, A. Terai, T. Habuchi, and O. Ogawa
Lectin-reactive {alpha}-Fetoprotein (AFP-L3%) Curability and Prediction of Clinical Course after Treatment of Non-seminomatous Germ Cell Tumors
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J. A. Gietema, M. T. Meinardi, D. T. Sleijfer, H. J. Hoekstra, and W. T. A. van der Graaf
Routine chest X-rays have no additional value in the detection of relapse during routine follow-up of patients treated with chemotherapy for disseminated non-seminomatous testicular cancer
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R.T.D. Oliver, J. Shamash, D.M. Berney, F. Mayer, A.-M. Kersemaekers, J. W. Oosterhuis, C. Bokemeyer, and L. H.J. Looijenga
p53 and MDM2 in Germ Cell Cancer Treatment Response
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C. Sturgeon
Practice Guidelines for Tumor Marker Use in the Clinic
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J. T. Hartmann, C. R. Nichols, J.-P. Droz, A. Horwich, A. Gerl, S. D. Fossa, J. Beyer, J. Pont, L. Kanz, L. Einhorn, et al.
Prognostic variables for response and outcome in patients with extragonadal germ-cell tumors
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