Journal of Clinical Oncology, Vol 16, 2817-2824, Copyright © 1998 by American Society of Clinical Oncology
Transplant-lite: induction of graft-versus-malignancy using fludarabine- based nonablative chemotherapy and allogeneic blood progenitor-cell transplantation as treatment for lymphoid malignancies
IF Khouri, M Keating, M Korbling, D Przepiorka, P Anderlini, S O'Brien, S Giralt, C Ippoliti, B von Wolff, J Gajewski, M Donato, D Claxton, N Ueno, B Andersson, A Gee and R Champlin
Department of Hematology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA. ikhouri@notes.mdacc.tmc.edu
PURPOSE: To investigate the use of a nonmyeloablative fludarabine-based
preparative regimen to produce sufficient immunosuppression to allow
engraftment of allogeneic stem cells and induction of graft-versus-
leukemia/lymphoma (GVL) as the primary treatment modality for patients with
chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and lymphoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS:
Fifteen patients were studied. Six patients were in advanced refractory
relapse, and induction therapy had failed in two patients. Patients with
CLL or low-grade lymphoma received fludarabine 90 to 150 mg/m2 and
cyclophosphamide 900 to 2,000 mg/m2. Patients with intermediate-grade
lymphoma or in Richter's transformation received cisplatin 25 mg/m2 daily
for 4 days; fludarabine 30 mg/m2; and cytarabine 500 mg/m2 daily for 2
days. Chemotherapy was followed by allogeneic stem-cell infusion from
HLA-identical siblings. Patients with residual malignant cells or mixed
chimerism could receive a donor lymphocyte infusion of 0.5 to 2 x 10(8)
mononuclear cells/kg 2 to 3 months posttransplantation if graft-versus-host
disease (GVHD) was not present. RESULTS: Eleven patients had engraftment of
donor cells, and the remaining four patients promptly recovered autologous
hematopoiesis. Eight of 11 patients achieved a complete response (CR). Five
of six patients (83.3%) with chemosensitive disease continue to be alive
compared with two of nine patients (22.2%) who had refractory or untested
disease at the time of study entry (P = .04). CONCLUSION: These findings
indicate the feasibility of allogeneic hematopoietic transplantation with a
nonablative preparative regimen to produce engraftment and GVL against
lymphoid malignancies. The ability to induce remissions with donor
lymphocyte infusion in patients with CLL, Richter's, and low-grade and
intermediate-grade lymphoma is direct evidence of GVL activity against
these diseases. This approach appears to be most promising in patients with
chemotherapy-responsive disease and low tumor burden.

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M. Mohty, J.-O. Bay, C. Faucher, B. Choufi, K. Bilger, O. Tournilhac, N. Vey, A.-M. Stoppa, D. Coso, C. Chabannon, et al.
Graft-versus-host disease following allogeneic transplantation from HLA-identical sibling with antithymocyte globulin-based reduced-intensity preparative regimen
Blood,
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A. D. Billiau, S. Fevery, O. Rutgeerts, W. Landuyt, and M. Waer
Transient expansion of Mac1+Ly6-G+Ly6-C+ early myeloid cells with suppressor activity in spleens of murine radiation marrow chimeras: possible implications for the graft-versus-host and graft-versus-leukemia reactivity of donor lymphocyte infusions
Blood,
July 15, 2003;
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[Abstract]
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M. Mielcarek, P. J. Martin, W. Leisenring, M. E. D. Flowers, D. G. Maloney, B. M. Sandmaier, M. B. Maris, and R. Storb
Graft-versus-host disease after nonmyeloablative versus conventional hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Blood,
July 15, 2003;
102(2):
756 - 762.
[Abstract]
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[PDF]
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E. C. Morris, P. Rebello, K. J. Thomson, K. S. Peggs, C. Kyriakou, A. H. Goldstone, S. Mackinnon, and G. Hale
Pharmacokinetics of alemtuzumab used for in vivo and in vitro T-cell depletion in allogeneic transplantations: relevance for early adoptive immunotherapy and infectious complications
Blood,
July 1, 2003;
102(1):
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[Abstract]
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M. Komatsu, M. Mammolenti, M. Jones, R. Jurecic, T. J. Sayers, and R. B. Levy
Antigen-primed CD8+ T cells can mediate resistance, preventing allogeneic marrow engraftment in the simultaneous absence of perforin-, CD95L-, TNFR1-, and TRAIL-dependent killing
Blood,
May 15, 2003;
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[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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C. Hosing, R. M. Saliba, P. McLaughlin, B. Andersson, M. A. Rodriguez, L. Fayad, F. Cabanillas, R. E. Champlin, and I. F. Khouri
Long-term results favor allogeneic over autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with refractory or recurrent indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
Ann. Onc.,
May 1, 2003;
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M. Ritgen, A. Lange, S. Stilgenbauer, H. Dohner, C. Bretscher, H. Bosse, A. Stuhr, M. Kneba, and P. Dreger
Unmutated immunoglobulin variable heavy-chain gene status remains an adverse prognostic factor after autologous stem cell transplantation for chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Blood,
March 1, 2003;
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[Abstract]
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S. Marktel, Z. Magnani, F. Ciceri, S. Cazzaniga, S. R. Riddell, C. Traversari, C. Bordignon, and C. Bonini
Immunologic potential of donor lymphocytes expressing a suicide gene for early immune reconstitution after hematopoietic T-cell-depleted stem cell transplantation
Blood,
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D. Niederwieser, M. Maris, J. A. Shizuru, E. Petersdorf, U. Hegenbart, B. M. Sandmaier, D. G. Maloney, B. Storer, T. Lange, T. Chauncey, et al.
Low-dose total body irradiation (TBI) and fludarabine followed by hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) from HLA-matched or mismatched unrelated donors and postgrafting immunosuppression with cyclosporine and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) can induce durable complete chimerism and sustained remissions in patients with hematological diseases
Blood,
February 15, 2003;
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R. Or, M. Y. Shapira, I. Resnick, A. Amar, A. Ackerstein, S. Samuel, M. Aker, E. Naparstek, A. Nagler, and S. Slavin
Nonmyeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia in first chronic phase
Blood,
January 15, 2003;
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M. Uzunel, J. Mattsson, M. Brune, J.-E. Johansson, J. Aschan, and O. Ringden
Kinetics of minimal residual disease and chimerism in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia after nonmyeloablative conditioning and allogeneic stem cell transplantation
Blood,
January 15, 2003;
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G. Mufti, A. F. List, S. D. Gore, and A. Y.L. Ho
Myelodysplastic Syndrome
Hematology,
January 1, 2003;
2003(1):
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[Abstract]
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R. F. Storb, G. Lucarelli, P. A. McSweeney, and R. W. Childs
Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Benign Hematological Disorders and Solid Tumors
Hematology,
January 1, 2003;
2003(1):
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[Abstract]
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S. P. Robinson, A. H. Goldstone, S. Mackinnon, A. Carella, N. Russell, C. R. de Elvira, G. Taghipour, and N. Schmitz
Chemoresistant or aggressive lymphoma predicts for a poor outcome following reduced-intensity allogeneic progenitor cell transplantation: an analysis from the Lymphoma Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation
Blood,
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J. A. Perez-Simon, P. D. Kottaridis, R. Martino, C. Craddock, D. Caballero, R. Chopra, J. Garcia-Conde, D. W. Milligan, S. Schey, A. Urbano-Ispizua, et al.
Nonmyeloablative transplantation with or without alemtuzumab: comparison between 2 prospective studies in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders
Blood,
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A. M. Krackhardt, M. Witzens, S. Harig, F. S. Hodi, A. J. Zauls, M. Chessia, P. Barrett, and J. G. Gribben
Identification of tumor-associated antigens in chronic lymphocytic leukemia by SEREX
Blood,
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A. D. Billiau, S. Fevery, O. Rutgeerts, W. Landuyt, and M. Waer
Crucial role of timing of donor lymphocyte infusion in generating dissociated graft-versus-host and graft-versus-leukemia responses in mice receiving allogeneic bone marrow transplants
Blood,
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M. Y. Mapara, Y.-M. Kim, S.-P. Wang, R. Bronson, D. H. Sachs, and M. Sykes
Donor lymphocyte infusions mediate superior graft-versus-leukemia effects in mixed compared to fully allogeneic chimeras: a critical role for host antigen-presenting cells
Blood,
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[Abstract]
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M. Hunault-Berger, N. Ifrah, and P. Solal-Celigny
Intensive therapies in follicular non-Hodgkin lymphomas
Blood,
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I. A. Tabbara, K. Zimmerman, C. Morgan, and Z. Nahleh
Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Complications and Results
Arch Intern Med,
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K. K. Ballen, P. S. Becker, R. V. B. Emmons, T. J. Fitzgerald, C. C. Hsieh, Q. Liu, C. Heyes, Y. Clark, W. Levy, J. F. Lambert, et al.
Low-dose total body irradiation followed by allogeneic lymphocyte infusion may induce remission in patients with refractory hematologic malignancy
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A. M. Krackhardt, S. Harig, M. Witzens, R. Broderick, P. Barrett, and J. G. Gribben
T-cell responses against chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells: implications for immunotherapy
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P. McLaughlin
Progress and Promise in the Treatment of Indolent Lymphomas
Oncologist,
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P. McLaughlin
Profiling: "Editorial on 'Survival after progression in patients with follicular lymphoma: analysis of prognostic factors' ", by S. Montoto et al. (Ann Oncol 2002; 13: 523-530)
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T. Saito, Y. Kanda, M. Kami, K. Kato, N. Shoji, S. Kanai, T. Ohnishi, Y. Kawano, K. Nakai, T. Ogasawara, et al.
Therapeutic Potential of a Reduced-Intensity Preparative Regimen for Allogeneic Transplantation with Cladribine, Busulfan, and Antithymocyte Globulin against Advanced/Refractory Acute Leukemia/Lymphoma
Clin. Cancer Res.,
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R. Chakraverty, K. Peggs, R. Chopra, D. W. Milligan, P. D. Kottaridis, S. Verfuerth, J. Geary, D. Thuraisundaram, K. Branson, S. Chakrabarti, et al.
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Blood,
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A. Josting, J. Franklin, M. May, P. Koch, M. K. Beykirch, J. Heinz, C. Rudolph, V. Diehl, and A. Engert
New Prognostic Score Based on Treatment Outcome of Patients With Relapsed Hodgkin's Lymphoma Registered in the Database of the German Hodgkin's Lymphoma Study Group
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N. E. Kay, T. J. Hamblin, D. F. Jelinek, G. W. Dewald, J. C. Byrd, S. Farag, M. Lucas, and T. Lin
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Hematology,
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D. G. Maloney, B. M. Sandmaier, S. Mackinnon, and J. A. Shizuru
Non-Myeloablative Transplantation
Hematology,
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P. Corradini, C. Tarella, A. Olivieri, A. M. Gianni, C. Voena, F. Zallio, M. Ladetto, M. Falda, M. Lucesole, A. Dodero, et al.
Reduced-intensity conditioning followed by allografting of hematopoietic cells can produce clinical and molecular remissions in patients with poor-risk hematologic malignancies
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F. Weissinger, B. M. Sandmaier, D. G. Maloney, W. I. Bensinger, T. Gooley, and R. Storb
Decreased transfusion requirements for patients receiving nonmyeloablative compared with conventional peripheral blood stem cell transplants from HLA-identical siblings
Blood,
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I. F. Khouri, R. M. Saliba, S. A. Giralt, M.-S. Lee, G.-J. Okoroji, F. B. Hagemeister, M. Korbling, A. Younes, C. Ippoliti, J. L. Gajewski, et al.
Nonablative allogeneic hematopoietic transplantation as adoptive immunotherapy for indolent lymphoma: low incidence of toxicity, acute graft-versus-host disease, and treatment-related mortality
Blood,
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L. Luznik, S. Jalla, L. W. Engstrom, R. Iannone, and E. J. Fuchs
Durable engraftment of major histocompatibility complex-incompatible cells after nonmyeloablative conditioning with fludarabine, low-dose total body irradiation, and posttransplantation cyclophosphamide
Blood,
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[Abstract]
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D. A. Rizzieri, G. D. Long, J. J. Vredenburgh, C. Gasparetto, A. Morris, T. T. Stenzel, P. Davis, and N. J. Chao
Successful allogeneic engraftment of mismatched unrelated cord blood following a nonmyeloablative preparative regimen
Blood,
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C. D. Bolan, S. F. Leitman, L. M. Griffith, R. A. Wesley, J. L. Procter, D. F. Stroncek, A. J. Barrett, and R. W. Childs
Delayed donor red cell chimerism and pure red cell aplasia following major ABO-incompatible nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Blood,
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F. Lan, D. Zeng, M. Higuchi, P. Huie, J. P. Higgins, and S. Strober
Predominance of NK1.1+TCR{alpha}{beta}+ or DX5+TCR{alpha}{beta}+ T Cells in Mice Conditioned with Fractionated Lymphoid Irradiation Protects Against Graft-Versus-Host Disease: "Natural Suppressor" Cells
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M. Bornhauser, C. Thiede, U. Platzbecker, A. Jenke, A. Helwig, R. Plettig, J. Freiberg-Richter, C. Rollig, G. Geissler, K. Lutterbeck, et al.
Dose-reduced Conditioning and Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation from Unrelated Donors in 42 Patients
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M. Michallet, K. Bilger, F. Garban, M. Attal, A. Huyn, D. Blaise, N. Milpied, P. Moreau, P. Bordigoni, M. Kuentz, et al.
Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation After Nonmyeloablative Preparative Regimens: Impact of Pretransplantation and Posttransplantation Factors on Outcome
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S. A. Mink and J. O. Armitage
High-Dose Therapy in Lymphomas: A Review of the Current Status of Allogeneic and Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in Hodgkin's Disease and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Oncologist,
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P. A. McSweeney, D. Niederwieser, J. A. Shizuru, B. M. Sandmaier, A. J. Molina, D. G. Maloney, T. R. Chauncey, T. A. Gooley, U. Hegenbart, R. A. Nash, et al.
Hematopoietic cell transplantation in older patients with hematologic malignancies: replacing high-dose cytotoxic therapy with graft-versus-tumor effects
Blood,
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F. Lan, D. Zeng, P. Huie, J. P. Higgins, and S. Strober
Allogeneic bone marrow cells that facilitate complete chimerism and eliminate tumor cells express both CD8 and T-cell antigen receptor-{alpha}{beta}
Blood,
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R. P. Witherspoon, H. J. Deeg, B. Storer, C. Anasetti, R. Storb, and F. R. Appelbaum
Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation for Treatment-Related Leukemia or Myelodysplasia
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M. E. Horwitz, A. J. Barrett, M. R. Brown, C. S. Carter, R. Childs, J. I. Gallin, S. M. Holland, G. F. Linton, J. A. Miller, S. F. Leitman, et al.
Treatment of Chronic Granulomatous Disease with Nonmyeloablative Conditioning and a T-Cell-Depleted Hematopoietic Allograft
N. Engl. J. Med.,
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K. R. Rai, H. Dohner, M. J. Keating, and E. Montserrat
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Case-Based Session
Hematology,
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R. F. Storb, R. Champlin, S. R. Riddell, M. Murata, S. Bryant, and E. H. Warren
Non-Myeloablative Transplants for Malignant Disease
Hematology,
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A. M. Carella, M. Cavaliere, E. Lerma, R. Ferrara, L. Tedeschi, A. Romanelli, M. Vinci, G. Pinotti, P. Lambelet, C. Loni, et al.
Autografting Followed by Nonmyeloablative Immunosuppressive Chemotherapy and Allogeneic Peripheral-Blood Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation as Treatment of Resistant Hodgkin's Disease and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
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N. J. McCarthy and M. R. Bishop
Nonmyeloablative Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation: Early Promise and Limitations
Oncologist,
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B. R. Blazar, C. J. Lees, P. J. Martin, R. J. Noelle, B. Kwon, W. Murphy, and P. A. Taylor
Host T Cells Resist Graft-Versus-Host Disease Mediated by Donor Leukocyte Infusions
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