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Multi-Institutional Melanoma Lymphatic Mapping Experience: The Prognostic Value of Sentinel Lymph Node Status in 612 Stage I or II Melanoma Patients

From the Departments of Surgical Oncology, Pathology, and Biomathematics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and the Cutaneous Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL.

Address reprint requests to Merrick I. Ross, MD, Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Box 106, Houston, TX 77030.

PURPOSE: To compare the effect of pathologic sentinel lymph node (SLN) status with that of other known prognostic factors on recurrence and survival in patients with stage I or II cutaneous melanoma.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed the records of 612 patients with primary cutaneous melanoma who underwent lymphatic mapping and SLN biopsy between January 1991 and May 1995 to determine the effects of tumor thickness, ulceration, Clark level, location, sex, and SLN pathologic status on disease-free and disease-specific survival.

RESULTS: In the 580 patients in whom lymphatic mapping and SLN biopsy were successful, the SLN was positive by conventional histology in 85 patients (15%) but negative in 495 patients (85%). SLN status was the most significant prognostic factor with respect to disease-free and disease-specific survival by univariate and multiple covariate analyses. Although tumor thickness and ulceration influenced survival in SLN-negative patients, they provided no additional prognostic information in SLN-positive patients.

CONCLUSION: Lymphatic mapping and SLN biopsy is highly accurate in staging nodal basins at risk for regional metastases in primary melanoma patients and identifies those who may benefit from earlier lymphadenectomy. Furthermore, pathologic status of the SLN in these patients with clinically negative nodes is the most important prognostic factor for recurrence. The information from SLN biopsy is particularly helpful in establishing stratification criteria for future adjuvant trials.

Presented at the 49th Annual Meeting of the Society of Surgical Oncology, Atlanta, GA, March 1996.

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				S. Kurul, F. Tas, N. Buyukbabani, A. Mudun, C. Baykal, and H. Camlica Different Manifestations of Malignant Melanoma in the Breast: a Report of 12 Cases and a Review of the Literature Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol., April 1, 2005; 35(4): 202 - 206. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. L. Wong, M. W. Kattan, K. M. McMasters, and D. G. Coit A Nomogram That Predicts the Presence of Sentinel Node Metastasis in Melanoma With Better Discrimination Than the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging System Ann. Surg. Oncol., April 1, 2005; 12(4): 282 - 288. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. J. C. L. M. Vuylsteke, B. G. Molenkamp, H. A. Gietema, P. A. M. van Leeuwen, P. G. J. T. B. Wijnands, W. Vos, P. J. van Diest, R. J. Scheper, S. Meijer, and T. D. de Gruijl Local Administration of Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor Increases the Number and Activation State of Dendritic Cells in the Sentinel Lymph Node of Early-Stage Melanoma Cancer Res., November 15, 2004; 64(22): 8456 - 8460. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. K. Eigentler, P. G. Buettner, U. Leiter, and C. Garbe Impact of Ulceration in Stages I to III Cutaneous Melanoma As Staged by the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging System: An Analysis of the German Central Malignant Melanoma Registry J. Clin. Oncol., November 1, 2004; 22(21): 4376 - 4383. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				U. S. Kammula, R. Ghossein, S. Bhattacharya, and D. G. Coit Serial Follow-Up and the Prognostic Significance of Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction--Staged Sentinel Lymph Nodes From Melanoma Patients J. Clin. Oncol., October 1, 2004; 22(19): 3989 - 3996. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. B. Stitzenberg, P. A. Groben, S. L. Stern, N. E. Thomas, T. A. Hensing, L. B. Sansbury, and D. W. Ollila Indications for Lymphatic Mapping and Sentinel Lymphadenectomy in Patients with Thin Melanoma (Breslow Thickness <=1.0 mm) Ann. Surg. Oncol., October 1, 2004; 11(10): 900 - 906. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. H. Lee, R. Essner, H. Torisu-Itakura, L. Wanek, H. Wang, and D. L. Morton Factors Predictive of Tumor-Positive Nonsentinel Lymph Nodes After Tumor-Positive Sentinel Lymph Node Dissection for Melanoma J. Clin. Oncol., September 15, 2004; 22(18): 3677 - 3684. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Tsao, M. B. Atkins, and A. J. Sober Management of Cutaneous Melanoma N. Engl. J. Med., September 2, 2004; 351(10): 998 - 1012. [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Doubrovsky, J.H.W. de Wilt, R.A. Scolyer, W.H. McCarthy, and J.F. Thompson Sentinel Node Biopsy Provides More Accurate Staging Than Elective Lymph Node Dissection in Patients With Cutaneous Melanoma Ann. Surg. Oncol., September 1, 2004; 11(9): 829 - 836. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D.J. Dewar, B. Newell, M.A. Green, A.P. Topping, B.W.E.M. Powell, and M.G. Cook The Microanatomic Location of Metastatic Melanoma in Sentinel Lymph Nodes Predicts Nonsentinel Lymph Node Involvement J. Clin. Oncol., August 15, 2004; 22(16): 3345 - 3349. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. P. Miranda, M. Gertner, J. Wall, E. Grace, M. Kashani-Sabet, R. Allen, and S. P. L. Leong Routine Imaging of Asymptomatic Melanoma Patients With Metastasis to Sentinel Lymph Nodes Rarely Identifies Systemic Disease Arch Surg, August 1, 2004; 139(8): 831 - 837. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. R. Fincher, J. C. O'Brien, T. M. McCarty, T. L. Fisher, J. T. Preskitt, Z. H. Lieberman, J. F. Stephens, and J. A. Kuhn Patterns of Drainage and Recurrence Following Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Cutaneous Melanoma of the Head and Neck Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, July 1, 2004; 130(7): 844 - 848. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H A Gietema, R J C L M Vuylsteke, I A de Jonge, P A M van Leeuwen, B G Molenkamp, J R M van der Sijp, S Meijer, and P J van Diest Sentinel lymph node investigation in melanoma: detailed analysis of the yield from step sectioning and immunohistochemistry J. Clin. Pathol., June 1, 2004; 57(6): 618 - 620. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Misselwitz, J. Platzek, and H.-J. Weinmann Early MR Lymphography with Gadofluorine M in Rabbits Radiology, June 1, 2004; 231(3): 682 - 688. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. M. Rohren, T. G. Turkington, and R. E. Coleman Clinical Applications of PET in Oncology Radiology, May 1, 2004; 231(2): 305 - 332. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. M. Pawlik, M. I. Ross, and J. E. Gershenwald Lymphatic Mapping in the Molecular Era Ann. Surg. Oncol., April 1, 2004; 11(4): 362 - 374. [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. K. Sondak, J. M. G. Taylor, M. S. Sabel, Y. Wang, L. Lowe, A. C. Grover, A. E. Chang, A. M. Yahanda, J. Moon, and T. M. Johnson Mitotic Rate and Younger Age Are Predictors of Sentinel Lymph Node Positivity: Lessons Learned From the Generation of a Probabilistic Model Ann. Surg. Oncol., March 1, 2004; 11(3): 247 - 258. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Chao, R. C. G. Martin II, M. I. Ross, D. S. Reintgen, M. J. Edwards, R. D. Noyes, L. J. Hagendoorn, A. J. Stromberg, and K. M. McMasters Correlation Between Prognostic Factors and Increasing Age in Melanoma Ann. Surg. Oncol., March 1, 2004; 11(3): 259 - 264. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. A. Scolyer, J. F. Thompson, L.-X. L. Li, A. Beavis, M. Dawson, P. Doble, V. S. K. Ka, J. Gregory McKinnon, R. Soper, R. F. Uren, et al. Failure to Remove True Sentinel Nodes Can Cause Failure of the Sentinel Node Biopsy Technique: Evidence from Antimony Concentrations in False-Negative Sentinel Nodes from Melanoma Patients Ann. Surg. Oncol., March 1, 2004; 11(3_suppl): 174S - 178S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. P. L. Leong Paradigm of Metastasis for Melanoma and Breast Cancer Based on the Sentinel Lymph Node Experience Ann. Surg. Oncol., March 1, 2004; 11(3_suppl): 192S - 197S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. A. Cornelius Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Patients With Thin Melanoma--Reply Arch Dermatol, February 1, 2004; 140(2): 238 - 239. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. H. Kanzler Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Patients With Thin Melanoma Arch Dermatol, February 1, 2004; 140(2): 237 - 238. [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. M. Johnson, C. R. Bradford, S. B. Gruber, V. K. Sondak, and J. L. Schwartz Staging Workup, Sentinel Node Biopsy, and Follow-up Tests for Melanoma: Update of Current Concepts Arch Dermatol, January 1, 2004; 140(1): 107 - 113. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. C.P. Cobben, P. L. Jager, P. H. Elsinga, B. Maas, A. J.H. Suurmeijer, and H. J. Hoekstra 3'-18F-Fluoro-3'-Deoxy-L-Thymidine: A New Tracer for Staging Metastatic Melanoma? J. Nucl. Med., December 1, 2003; 44(12): 1927 - 1932. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Esmaeli, D. Reifler, V. G. Prieto, M. Amir Ahmadi, L. Hidaji, E. Delpassand, and M. I. Ross Conjunctival Melanoma With a Positive Sentinel Lymph Node Arch Ophthalmol, December 1, 2003; 121(12): 1779 - 1783. [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. H. Estourgie, O. E. Nieweg, R. A. Valdes Olmos, C. A. Hoefnagel, and B. B. R. Kroon Review and Evaluation of Sentinel Node Procedures in 250 Melanoma Patients With a Median Follow-Up of 6 Years Ann. Surg. Oncol., July 1, 2003; 10(6): 681 - 688. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. A. Pockaj, D. E. Jaroszewski, D. J. DiCaudo, J. G. Hentz, E. W. Buchel, R. J. Gray, S. N. Markovic, and U. Bite Changing Surgical Therapy for Melanoma of the External Ear Ann. Surg. Oncol., July 1, 2003; 10(6): 689 - 696. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]