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Journal of Clinical Oncology, Vol 18, Issue 1 (January), 2000: 158
© 2000 American Society for Clinical Oncology

Randomized Phase III Study of Temozolomide Versus Dacarbazine in the Treatment of Patients With Advanced Metastatic Malignant Melanoma

By M. R. Middleton, J. J. Grob, N. Aaronson, G. Fierlbeck, W. Tilgen, S. Seiter, M. Gore, S. Aamdal, J. Cebon, A. Coates, B. Dreno, M. Henz, D. Schadendorf, A. Kapp, J. Weiss, U. Fraass, P. Statkevich, M. Muller, N. Thatcher

From the Christie Hospital, Manchester, and Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Hôpital Sainte Marguerite, Marseilles, and Clinique Dermatologique, Nantes, France; Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Eberhard-Karls Universität, Tübingen, Universitäts-Hautklinik and Poliklinik der Universität des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Virchow-Klinikum der Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, and Dermatologische Klinik und Poliklinik der Medizinischen Hochschule, Hannover, Germany; Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, Norway; Oncology Unit, Ludwig Institute, Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre, Heidelberg, and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia; and Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ.

Address reprint requests to M.R. Middleton, MD, Department of Medical Oncology, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Wilmslow Rd, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom; email mmiddleton@ picr.man.ac.uk.

PURPOSE: : To compare, in 305 patients with advanced metastatic melanoma, temozolomide and dacarbazine (DTIC) in terms of overall survival, progression-free survival (PFS), objective response, and safety, and to assess health-related quality of life (QOL) and pharmacokinetics of both drugs and their metabolite, 5-(3-methyltriazen-1-yl)imidazole-4-carboximide (MTIC).

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients were randomized to receive either oral temozolomide at a starting dosage of 200 mg/m2/d for 5 days every 28 days or intravenous (IV) DTIC at a starting dosage of 250 mg/m2/d for 5 days every 21 days.

RESULTS: In the intent-to-treat population, median survival time was 7.7 months for patients treated with temozolomide and 6.4 months for those treated with DTIC (hazards ratio, 1.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.92 to 1.52). Median PFS time was significantly longer in the temozolomide-treated group (1.9 months) than in the DTIC-treated group (1.5 months) (P = .012; hazards ratio, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.75). No major difference in drug safety was observed. Temozolomide was well tolerated and produced a noncumulative, transient myelosuppression late in the 28-day cycle. The most common nonhematologic toxicities were mild to moderate nausea and vomiting, which were easily managed. Temozolomide therapy improved health-related QOL; more patients showed improvement or maintenance of physical functioning at week 12. Systemic exposure (area under the curve) to the parent drug and the active metabolite, MTIC, was higher after treatment with oral temozolomide than after IV administration of DTIC.

CONCLUSION: Temozolomide demonstrates efficacy equal to that of DTIC and is an oral alternative for patients with advanced metastatic melanoma.


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T. F. Gajewski
Temozolomide for Melanoma: New Toxicities and New Opportunities
J. Clin. Oncol., February 15, 2004; 22(4): 580 - 581.
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R. R. McWilliams, P. D. Brown, J. C. Buckner, M. J. Link, and S. N. Markovic
Treatment of Brain Metastases From Melanoma
Mayo Clin. Proc., December 1, 2003; 78(12): 1529 - 1536.
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I. Passagne, A. Evrard, J.-Y. Winum, P. Depeille, P. Cuq, J.-L. Montero, D. Cupissol, and L. Vian
Cytotoxicity, DNA Damage, and Apoptosis Induced by New Fotemustine Analogs on Human Melanoma Cells in Relation to O6-Methylguanine DNA-Methyltransferase Expression
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., November 1, 2003; 307(2): 816 - 823.
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L. Tentori, C. Leonetti, M. Scarsella, G. d'Amati, M. Vergati, I. Portarena, W. Xu, V. Kalish, G. Zupi, J. Zhang, et al.
Systemic Administration of GPI 15427, a Novel Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 Inhibitor, Increases the Antitumor Activity of Temozolomide against Intracranial Melanoma, Glioma, Lymphoma
Clin. Cancer Res., November 1, 2003; 9(14): 5370 - 5379.
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W.-J. Hwu, S. E. Krown, J. H. Menell, K. S. Panageas, J. Merrell, L. A. Lamb, L. J. Williams, C. J. Quinn, T. Foster, P. B. Chapman, et al.
Phase II Study of Temozolomide Plus Thalidomide for the Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma
J. Clin. Oncol., September 1, 2003; 21(17): 3351 - 3356.
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D. C. Lev, M. Ruiz, L. Mills, E. C. McGary, J. E. Price, and M. Bar-Eli
Dacarbazine Causes Transcriptional Up-Regulation of Interleukin 8 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Melanoma Cells: A Possible Escape Mechanism from Chemotherapy
Mol. Cancer Ther., August 1, 2003; 2(8): 753 - 763.
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A. Gorden, I. Osman, W. Gai, D. He, W. Huang, A. Davidson, A. N. Houghton, K. Busam, and D. Polsky
Analysis of BRAF and N-RAS Mutations in Metastatic Melanoma Tissues
Cancer Res., July 15, 2003; 63(14): 3955 - 3957.
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L. M. Jost
ESMO Minimum Clinical Recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of cutaneous malignant melanoma
Ann. Onc., July 1, 2003; 14(7): 1012 - 1013.
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S. Danson, P. Lorigan, A. Arance, A. Clamp, M. Ranson, J. Hodgetts, L. Lomax, L. Ashcroft, N. Thatcher, and M.R. Middleton
Randomized Phase II Study of Temozolomide Given Every 8 Hours or Daily With Either Interferon Alfa-2b or Thalidomide in Metastatic Malignant Melanoma
J. Clin. Oncol., July 1, 2003; 21(13): 2551 - 2557.
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R. Pepponi, G. Marra, M. P. Fuggetta, S. Falcinelli, E. Pagani, E. Bonmassar, J. Jiricny, and S. D'Atri
The Effect of O6-Alkylguanine-DNA Alkyltransferase and Mismatch Repair Activities on the Sensitivity of Human Melanoma Cells to Temozolomide, 1,3-bis(2-Chloroethyl)1-nitrosourea, and Cisplatin
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., February 1, 2003; 304(2): 661 - 668.
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L. Tentori, I. Portarena, M. Barbarino, A. Balduzzi, L. Levati, M. Vergati, A. Biroccio, B. Gold, M. L. Lombardi, and G. Graziani
Inhibition of Telomerase Increases Resistance of Melanoma Cells to Temozolomide, but Not to Temozolomide Combined with Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitor
Mol. Pharmacol., January 1, 2003; 63(1): 192 - 202.
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M. B. Atkins, J. A. Gollob, J. A. Sosman, D. F. McDermott, L. Tutin, P. Sorokin, R. A. Parker, and J. W. Mier
A Phase II Pilot Trial of Concurrent Biochemotherapy with Cisplatin, Vinblastine, Temozolomide, Interleukin 2, and IFN-{alpha}2B in Patients with Metastatic Melanoma
Clin. Cancer Res., October 1, 2002; 8(10): 3075 - 3081.
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D. Antonadou, M. Paraskevaidis, G. Sarris, N. Coliarakis, I. Economou, P. Karageorgis, and N. Throuvalas
Phase II Randomized Trial of Temozolomide and Concurrent Radiotherapy in Patients With Brain Metastases
J. Clin. Oncol., September 1, 2002; 20(17): 3644 - 3650.
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W.-J. Hwu, S. E. Krown, K. S. Panageas, J. H. Menell, P. B. Chapman, P. O. Livingston, L. J. Williams, C. J. Quinn, and A. N. Houghton
Temozolomide Plus Thalidomide in Patients With Advanced Melanoma: Results of a Dose-Finding Trial
J. Clin. Oncol., June 1, 2002; 20(11): 2610 - 2615.
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D. Khayat, C. Bernard-Marty, J.-B. Meric, and O. Rixe
Biochemotherapy for Advanced Melanoma: Maybe It Is Real
J. Clin. Oncol., May 15, 2002; 20(10): 2411 - 2414.
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L. Tentori, C. Leonetti, M. Scarsella, G. d'Amati, I. Portarena, G. Zupi, E. Bonmassar, and G. Graziani
Combined treatment with temozolomide and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor enhances survival of mice bearing hematologic malignancy at the central nervous system site
Blood, March 15, 2002; 99(6): 2241 - 2244.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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D. Bafaloukos, H. Gogas, V. Georgoulias, E. Briassoulis, G. Fountzilas, E. Samantas, Ch. Kalofonos, D. Skarlos, A. Karabelis, and P. Kosmidis
Temozolomide in Combination With Docetaxel in Patients With Advanced Melanoma: A Phase II Study of the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group
J. Clin. Oncol., January 15, 2002; 20(2): 420 - 425.
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S. S. Agarwala, J. Glaspy, S. J. O'Day, M. Mitchell, J. Gutheil, E. Whitman, R. Gonzalez, E. Hersh, L. Feun, R. Belt, et al.
Results From a Randomized Phase III Study Comparing Combined Treatment With Histamine Dihydrochloride Plus Interleukin-2 Versus Interleukin-2 Alone in Patients With Metastatic Melanoma
J. Clin. Oncol., January 1, 2002; 20(1): 125 - 133.
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D. Cen, R. I. Gonzalez, J. A. Buckmeier, R. S. Kahlon, N. B. Tohidian, and F. L. Meyskens Jr
Disulfiram Induces Apoptosis in Human Melanoma Cells: A Redox-related Process
Mol. Cancer Ther., January 1, 2002; 1(3): 197 - 204.
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G. Biasco, M. A. Pantaleo, and S. Casadei
Treatment of Brain Metastases of Malignant Melanoma with Temozolomide
N. Engl. J. Med., August 23, 2001; 345(8): 621 - 622.
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P. J. Houghton, C. F. Stewart, P. J. Cheshire, L. B. Richmond, M. N. Kirstein, C. A. Poquette, M. Tan, H. S. Friedman, and T. P. Brent
Antitumor Activity of Temozolomide Combined with Irinotecan Is Partly Independent of O6-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase and Mismatch Repair Phenotypes in Xenograft Models
Clin. Cancer Res., October 1, 2000; 6(10): 4110 - 4118.
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H. S. Friedman, T. Kerby, and H. Calvert
Temozolomide and Treatment of Malignant Glioma
Clin. Cancer Res., July 1, 2000; 6(7): 2585 - 2597.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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M. H. Cohen, J. R. Johnson, and M. R. Middleton
Temozolomide for Advanced, Metastatic Melanoma
J. Clin. Oncol., May 10, 2000; 18(10): 2185 - 2185.
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B. E. Hillner, S. Agarwala, and M. R. Middleton
Post Hoc Economic Analysis of Temozolomide Versus Dacarbazine in the Treatment of Advanced Metastatic Melanoma
J. Clin. Oncol., April 7, 2000; 18(7): 1474 - 1480.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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S. S. Agarwala and J. M. Kirkwood
Temozolomide, a Novel Alkylating Agent with Activity in the Central Nervous System, May Improve the Treatment of Advanced Metastatic Melanoma
Oncologist, April 1, 2000; 5(2): 144 - 151.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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