Journal of Clinical Oncology, Vol 19, Issue 16
(August), 2001: 3622-3634
© 2001 American Society for Clinical Oncology
Prognostic Factors Analysis of 17,600 Melanoma Patients: Validation of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Melanoma Staging System
By Charles M. Balch,
Seng-Jaw Soong,
Jeffrey E. Gershenwald,
John F. Thompson,
Douglas S. Reintgen,
Natale Cascinelli,
Marshall Urist,
Kelly M. McMasters,
Merrick I. Ross,
John M. Kirkwood,
Michael B. Atkins,
John A. Thompson,
Daniel G. Coit,
David Byrd,
Renee Desmond,
Yuting Zhang,
Ping-Yu Liu,
Gary H. Lyman,
Aberto Morabito
From the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Sydney Melanoma Unit, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; H. Lee Moffit Cancer Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; Istituto Nazionale Tumori, World Health Organization Melanoma Program, Milan, Italy; University of Louisville Medical Center, Louisville, KY; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; University of Washington Medical Center and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.
Address reprint requests to Charles M. Balch, MD, American Society of Clinical Oncology, 1900 Duke St, Ste 200, Alexandria, VA 22314; email: balchc{at}asco.org
PURPOSE: The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) recently proposed major revisions of the tumor-node-metastases (TNM) categories and stage groupings for cutaneous melanoma. Thirteen cancer centers and cancer cooperative groups contributed staging and survival data from a total of 30,450 melanoma patients from their databases in order to validate this staging proposal.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: There were 17,600 melanoma patients with complete clinical, pathologic, and follow-up information. Factors predicting melanoma-specific survival rates were analyzed using the Cox proportional hazards regression model. Follow-up survival data for 5 years or longer were available for 73% of the patients.
RESULTS: This analysis demonstrated that (1) in the T category, tumor thickness and ulceration were the most powerful predictors of survival, and the level of invasion had a significant impact only within the subgroup of thin ( 1 mm) melanomas; (2) in the N category, the following three independent factors were identified: the number of metastatic nodes, whether nodal metastases were clinically occult or clinically apparent, and the presence or absence of primary tumor ulceration; and (3) in the M category, nonvisceral metastases was associated with a better survival compared with visceral metastases. A marked diversity in the natural history of pathologic stage III melanoma was demonstrated by five-fold differences in 5-year survival rates for defined subgroups. This analysis also demonstrated that large and complex data sets could be used effectively to examine prognosis and survival outcome in melanoma patients.
CONCLUSION: The results of this evidence-based methodology were incorporated into the AJCC melanoma staging as described in the companion publication.

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[Abstract]
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J. N. Cormier, Y. Xing, M. Ding, S. B. Cantor, K. J. Salter, J. E. Lee, P. F. Mansfield, J. E. Gershenwald, and M. I. Ross
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E de Vries, S Houterman, M. Janssen-Heijnen, T Nijsten, S. van de Schans, A. Eggermont, and J. Coebergh
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G. C. Karakousis, P. A. Gimotty, B. J. Czerniecki, D. E. Elder, R. Elenitsas, M. E. Ming, D. L. Fraker, D. Guerry, and F. R. Spitz
Regional Nodal Metastatic Disease Is the Strongest Predictor of Survival in Patients with Thin Vertical Growth Phase Melanomas: A Case for SLN Staging Biopsy in These Patients
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T. G. Zogakis, R. Essner, H.-j. Wang, L. J. Foshag, and D. L. Morton
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V. Soo, P. Shen, R. Pichardo, H. Azzazy, J. H. Stewart, K. R. Geisinger, and E. A. Levine
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Y. Azuma, Y. Ishikawa, S. Kawai, T. Tsunenari, H. Tsunoda, T. Igawa, S.-i. Iida, M. Nanami, M. Suzuki, R. F. Irie, et al.
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S. Mocellin, D. S.B. Hoon, P. Pilati, C. R. Rossi, and D. Nitti
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L. A. Fecher, S. D. Cummings, M. J. Keefe, and R. M. Alani
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A. Balakrishnan, F. E. Bleeker, S. Lamba, M. Rodolfo, M. Daniotti, A. Scarpa, A. A. van Tilborg, S. Leenstra, C. Zanon, and A. Bardelli
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M. L. Pennie, S. L. Soon, J. B. Risser, E. Veledar, S. D. Culler, and S. C. Chen
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S. N. Markovic, L. A. Erickson, R. D. Rao, R. H. Weenig, B. A. Pockaj, A. Bardia, C. M. Vachon, S. E. Schild, R. R. McWilliams, J. L. Hand, et al.
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P. A. Gimotty, D. E. Elder, D. L. Fraker, J. Botbyl, K. Sellers, R. Elenitsas, M. E. Ming, L. Schuchter, F. R. Spitz, B. J. Czerniecki, et al.
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R. C. Taylor, A. Patel, K. S. Panageas, K. J. Busam, and M. S. Brady
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V. H. Stell, H. J. Norton, K. S. Smith, J. C. Salo, and R. L. White Jr.
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A. Govindarajan, D. M. Ghazarian, D. R. McCready, and W. L. Leong
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J. M. Thomas, R. P. A'Hern, J. M. Grichnik, S. Retsas, D. Lipsker, M. H. Kanzler, L. Levitt, A. Lin, D. L. Morton, A. J. Cochran, et al.
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Y. Miao, K. Benwell, and T. P. Quinn
99mTc- and 111In-Labeled {alpha}-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Peptides as Imaging Probes for Primary and Pulmonary Metastatic Melanoma Detection
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S. M. Swetter, S. Soon, C. R. Harrington, and S. C. Chen
Effect of Health Care Delivery Models on Melanoma Thickness and Stage in a University-Based Referral Center: An Observational Pilot Study
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J. K. Robinson, R. Turrisi, and J. Stapleton
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F. Tas, S. Kurul, H. Camlica, and E. Topuz
Malignant Melanoma in Turkey: A Single Institution's Experience on 475 Cases
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W. Liu, J. P. Dowling, W. K. Murray, G. A. McArthur, J. F. Thompson, R. Wolfe, and J. W. Kelly
Rate of Growth in Melanomas: Characteristics and Associations of Rapidly Growing Melanomas
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H Gogas, A Polyzos, I Stavrinidis, K Frangia, D Tsoutsos, P Panagiotou, C Markopoulos, O Papadopoulos, D Pectasides, M Mantzourani, et al.
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J. Rangel, S. Torabian, L. Shaikh, M. Nosrati, F. L. Baehner, C. Haqq, S. P.L. Leong, J. R. Miller III, R. W. Sagebiel, and M. Kashani-Sabet
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A. van Akkooi, J. de Wilt, C Verhoef, P. Schmitz, A. van Geel, A. Eggermont, and M Kliffen
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D. L. Morton, J. F. Thompson, A. J. Cochran, N. Mozzillo, R. Elashoff, R. Essner, O. E. Nieweg, D. F. Roses, H. J. Hoekstra, C. P. Karakousis, et al.
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C. M. Balch and N. Cascinelli
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N. Cascinelli, E. Bombardieri, R. Bufalino, T. Camerini, A. Carbone, C. Clemente, L. Lenisa, L. Mascheroni, A. Maurichi, E. Pennacchioli, et al.
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R. Essner, R. Scheri, M. Kavanagh, H. Torisu-Itakura, L. A. Wanek, and D. L. Morton
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H. Kittler, P. Guitera, E. Riedl, M. Avramidis, L. Teban, M. Fiebiger, R. A. Weger, M. Dawid, and S. Menzies
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L. Chin, L. A. Garraway, and D. E. Fisher
Malignant melanoma: genetics and therapeutics in the genomic era.
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J. A. Campillo, J. A. Martinez-Escribano, M. R. Moya-Quiles, L. A. Marin, M. Muro, N. Guerra, A. Parrado, M. Campos, J. F. Frias, A. Minguela, et al.
Natural Killer Receptors on CD8 T Cells and Natural Killer Cells from Different HLA-C Phenotypes in Melanoma Patients.
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S. Mocellin, D. Hoon, A. Ambrosi, D. Nitti, and C. R. Rossi
The Prognostic Value of Circulating Tumor Cells in Patients with Melanoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
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A. J. Miller and M. C. Mihm Jr.
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J. M. Ranieri, J. D. Wagner, S. Wenck, C. S. Johnson, and J. J. Coleman III
The Prognostic Importance of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Thin Melanoma
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S. J. Moschos, H. D. Edington, S. R. Land, U. N. Rao, D. Jukic, J. Shipe-Spotloe, and J. M. Kirkwood
Neoadjuvant Treatment of Regional Stage IIIB Melanoma With High-Dose Interferon Alfa-2b Induces Objective Tumor Regression in Association With Modulation of Tumor Infiltrating Host Cellular Immune Responses
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C. R. Scoggins, M. I. Ross, D. S. Reintgen, R. D. Noyes, J. S. Goydos, P. D. Beitsch, M. M. Urist, S. Ariyan, B. S. Davidson, J. J. Sussman, et al.
Prospective Multi-Institutional Study of Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction for Molecular Staging of Melanoma
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T. A. Aloia, J. E. Gershenwald, R. H. Andtbacka, M. M. Johnson, C. W. Schacherer, C. S. Ng, J. N. Cormier, J. E. Lee, M. I. Ross, and P. F. Mansfield
Utility of Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Staging Before Completion Lymphadenectomy in Patients With Sentinel Lymph Node-Positive Melanoma
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T. Z. Belhocine, A. M. Scott, E. Even-Sapir, J.-L. Urbain, and R. Essner
Role of Nuclear Medicine in the Management of Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma
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T. M. Pawlik, D. Zorzi, E. K. Abdalla, B. M. Clary, J. E. Gershenwald, M. I. Ross, T. A. Aloia, S. A. Curley, L. H. Camacho, L. Capussotti, et al.
Hepatic Resection for Metastatic Melanoma: Distinct Patterns of Recurrence and Prognosis for Ocular Versus Cutaneous Disease
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K. E. Posther, M. A. Selim, P. J. Mosca, W. E. Stanley, J. L. Johnson, D. S. Tyler, and H. F Seigler
Histopathologic Characteristics, Recurrence Patterns, and Survival of 129 Patients With Desmoplastic Melanoma
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P. S. Reddy, S. Ganesh, and D.-C. Yu
Enhanced gene transfer and oncolysis of head and neck cancer and melanoma cells by fiber chimeric oncolytic adenoviruses.
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