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Originally published as JCO Early Release 10.1200/JCO.2004.09.046 on December 9 2003

Journal of Clinical Oncology, Vol 22, No 1 (January 1), 2004: pp. 23-30
© 2004 American Society of Clinical Oncology.
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A Randomized Controlled Trial of Fluorouracil Plus Leucovorin, Irinotecan, and Oxaliplatin Combinations in Patients With Previously Untreated Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

Richard M. Goldberg, Daniel J. Sargent, Roscoe F. Morton, Charles S. Fuchs, Ramesh K. Ramanathan, Stephen K. Williamson, Brian P. Findlay, Henry C. Pitot, Steven R. Alberts

From the North Central Cancer Treatment Group, Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and Medical Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; North Central Cancer Treatment Group, Division of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; North Central Cancer Treatment Group, Iowa Oncology Research Association Community Clinical Oncology Program, Des Moines, IA; Cancer and Acute Leukemia Group B, Department of Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Southwestern Oncology Group, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; National Cancer Institute of Canada, St Catharines, Ontario, Canada.

Address reprint requests to Richard M. Goldberg, MD, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#7305, 3009 Old Clinic Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7305; e-mail: goldberg{at}med.unc.edu

PURPOSE: Three agents with differing mechanisms of action are available for treatment of advanced colorectal cancer: fluorouracil, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin. In this study, we compared the activity and toxicity of three different two-drug combinations in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who had not been treated previously for advanced disease.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients were concurrently randomly assigned to receive irinotecan and bolus fluorouracil plus leucovorin (IFL, control combination), oxaliplatin and infused fluorouracil plus leucovorin (FOLFOX), or irinotecan and oxaliplatin (IROX). The primary end point was time to progression, with secondary end points of response rate, survival time, and toxicity.

RESULTS: A total of 795 patients were randomly assigned between May 1999 and April 2001. A median time to progression of 8.7 months, response rate of 45%, and median survival time of 19.5 months were observed for FOLFOX. These results were significantly superior to those observed for IFL for all end points (6.9 months, 31%, and 15.0 months, respectively) or for IROX (6.5 months, 35%, and 17.4 months, respectively) for time to progression and response. The FOLFOX regimen had significantly lower rates of severe nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, febrile neutropenia, and dehydration. Sensory neuropathy and neutropenia were more common with the regimens containing oxaliplatin.

CONCLUSION: The FOLFOX regimen of oxaliplatin and infused fluorouracil plus leucovorin was active and comparatively safe. It should be considered as a standard therapy for patients with advanced colorectal cancer.

Supported by National Institutes of Health grants CA25224, CA32102, CA38926, CA21115, and CA77202, Pharmacia Corp, and Sanofi-Synthelabo. Pharmacia and Sanofi-Synthelabo provided irinotecan and oxaliplatin, respectively, for this study, and both approved the study protocol.

Presented in part at the 2001 (May 12-15, 2001, San Francisco, CA), 2002 (May 18-21, 2002, Orlando, FL), and 2003 (May 31-June 3, 2003, Chicago, IL) Annual Meetings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

Nothing in this article implies endorsement of the products of Pharmacia (Pfizer) Corp or Sanofi-Synthelabo.

Authors' disclosures of potential conflicts of interest are found at the end of this article.


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Cetuximab in combination with weekly 5-fluorouracil/folinic acid and oxaliplatin (FUFOX) in untreated patients with advanced colorectal cancer: a phase Ib/II study of the AIO GI Group
Ann. Onc., August 1, 2008; 19(8): 1442 - 1449.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 The OncologistHome page
T. McKibbin, C. R. Frei, R. E. Greene, P. Kwan, J. Simon, and J. M. Koeller
Disparities in the Use of Chemotherapy and Monoclonal Antibody Therapy for Elderly Advanced Colorectal Cancer Patients in the Community Oncology Setting
Oncologist, August 1, 2008; 13(8): 876 - 885.
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H. S. Hochster, L. L. Hart, R. K. Ramanathan, B. H. Childs, J. D. Hainsworth, A. L. Cohn, L. Wong, L. Fehrenbacher, Y. Abubakr, M. W. Saif, et al.
Safety and Efficacy of Oxaliplatin and Fluoropyrimidine Regimens With or Without Bevacizumab As First-Line Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Results of the TREE Study
J. Clin. Oncol., July 20, 2008; 26(21): 3523 - 3529.
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 Therapeutic Advances in GastroenterologyHome page
J. M. Carethers
Review: Systemic treatment of advanced colorectal cancer: Tailoring therapy to the tumor
Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology, July 1, 2008; 1(1): 33 - 42.
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 Am J Health Syst PharmHome page
R. N. Schwartz
Management of early and advanced colorectal cancer: Therapeutic issues
Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm., June 1, 2008; 65(11_Supplement_4): S8 - S14.
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J. R. Hecht
Current and emerging therapies for metastatic colorectal cancer: Applying research findings to clinical practice
Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm., June 1, 2008; 65(11_Supplement_4): S15 - S21.
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A. F. Sobrero, J. Maurel, L. Fehrenbacher, W. Scheithauer, Y. A. Abubakr, M. P. Lutz, M. E. Vega-Villegas, C. Eng, E. U. Steinhauer, J. Prausova, et al.
EPIC: Phase III Trial of Cetuximab Plus Irinotecan After Fluoropyrimidine and Oxaliplatin Failure in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
J. Clin. Oncol., May 10, 2008; 26(14): 2311 - 2319.
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 JCOHome page
E. Gamelin, R. Delva, J. Jacob, Y. Merrouche, J. L. Raoul, D. Pezet, E. Dorval, G. Piot, A. Morel, and M. Boisdron-Celle
Individual Fluorouracil Dose Adjustment Based on Pharmacokinetic Follow-Up Compared With Conventional Dosage: Results of a Multicenter Randomized Trial of Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
J. Clin. Oncol., May 1, 2008; 26(13): 2099 - 2105.
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 Ann OncolHome page
B. Glimelius, H. Sorbye, L. Balteskard, P. Bystrom, P. Pfeiffer, K. Tveit, R. Heikkila, N. Keldsen, M. Albertsson, H. Starkhammar, et al.
A randomized phase III multicenter trial comparing irinotecan in combination with the Nordic bolus 5-FU and folinic acid schedule or the bolus/infused de Gramont schedule (Lv5FU2) in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer
Ann. Onc., May 1, 2008; 19(5): 909 - 914.
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B. Gruenberger, D. Tamandl, J. Schueller, W. Scheithauer, C. Zielinski, F. Herbst, and T. Gruenberger
Bevacizumab, Capecitabine, and Oxaliplatin As Neoadjuvant Therapy for Patients With Potentially Curable Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
J. Clin. Oncol., April 10, 2008; 26(11): 1830 - 1835.
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 JCOHome page
G. Folprecht, M. T. Seymour, L. Saltz, J.-Y. Douillard, H. Hecker, R. J. Stephens, T. S. Maughan, E. Van Cutsem, P. Rougier, E. Mitry, et al.
Irinotecan/Fluorouracil Combination in First-Line Therapy of Older and Younger Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Combined Analysis of 2,691 Patients in Randomized Controlled Trials
J. Clin. Oncol., March 20, 2008; 26(9): 1443 - 1451.
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 Ann OncolHome page
E. Van Cutsem, C. Verslype, P. Beale, S. Clarke, R. Bugat, A. Rakhit, S. H. Fettner, U. Brennscheidt, A. Feyereislova, and J.-P Delord
A phase Ib dose-escalation study of erlotinib, capecitabine and oxaliplatin in metastatic colorectal cancer patients
Ann. Onc., February 1, 2008; 19(2): 332 - 339.
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 The OncologistHome page
J. Tabernero, P. Pfeiffer, and A. Cervantes
Administration of Cetuximab Every 2 Weeks in the Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: An Effective, More Convenient Alternative to Weekly Administration?
Oncologist, February 1, 2008; 13(2): 113 - 119.
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 JCOHome page
A. Lievre, J.-B. Bachet, V. Boige, A. Cayre, D. Le Corre, E. Buc, M. Ychou, O. Bouche, B. Landi, C. Louvet, et al.
KRAS Mutations As an Independent Prognostic Factor in Patients With Advanced Colorectal Cancer Treated With Cetuximab
J. Clin. Oncol., January 20, 2008; 26(3): 374 - 379.
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 JCOHome page
A. Grothey, E. E. Hedrick, R. D. Mass, S. Sarkar, S. Suzuki, R. K. Ramanathan, H. I. Hurwitz, R. M. Goldberg, and D. J. Sargent
Response-Independent Survival Benefit in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Comparative Analysis of N9741 and AVF2107
J. Clin. Oncol., January 10, 2008; 26(2): 183 - 189.
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 The OncologistHome page
T. M. Pawlik, R. D. Schulick, and M. A. Choti
Expanding Criteria for Resectability of Colorectal Liver Metastases
Oncologist, January 1, 2008; 13(1): 51 - 64.
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 Jpn J Clin OncolHome page
Y. Inaba, H. Yamaura, Y. Sato, M. Najima, H. Shimamoto, H. Nishiofuku, T. Ura, and K. Muro
Central Venous Access Port-related Complications in Outpatient Chemotherapy for Colorectal Cancer
Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol., December 4, 2007; (2007) hym118v1.
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 J Oncol Pharm PractHome page
N. Kitada, T. Dan, K. Takara, T. Tsuji, H. Yamasaki, T. Yokoyama, and M. Watari
Oxaliplatin-induced hypersensitivity reaction displaying marked elevation of immunoglobulin E
Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice, December 1, 2007; 13(4): 233 - 235.
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 Ann OncolHome page
Y. Becouarn, P. Senesse, S. Thezenas, E. Boucher, A. Adenis, L. Cany, J. H. Jacob, F. Cvitkovic, C. Montoto-Grillot, and M. Ychou
A randomized phase II trial evaluating safety and efficacy of an experimental chemotherapy regimen (irinotecan + oxaliplatin, IRINOX) and two standard arms (LV5 FU2 + irinotecan or LV5 FU2 + oxaliplatin) in first-line metastatic colorectal cancer: a study of the Digestive Group of the Federation Nationale des Centres de Lutte Contre le Cancer
Ann. Onc., December 1, 2007; 18(12): 2000 - 2005.
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 JCOHome page
M. Buyse, T. Burzykowski, K. Carroll, S. Michiels, D. J. Sargent, L. L. Miller, G. L. Elfring, J.-P. Pignon, and P. Piedbois
Progression-Free Survival Is a Surrogate for Survival in Advanced Colorectal Cancer
J. Clin. Oncol., November 20, 2007; 25(33): 5218 - 5224.
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 JCOHome page
J. Tabernero, E. Van Cutsem, E. Diaz-Rubio, A. Cervantes, Y. Humblet, T. Andre, J.-L. Van Laethem, P. Soulie, E. Casado, C. Verslype, et al.
Phase II Trial of Cetuximab in Combination With Fluorouracil, Leucovorin, and Oxaliplatin in the First-Line Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
J. Clin. Oncol., November 20, 2007; 25(33): 5225 - 5232.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 NEJMHome page
D. J. Jonker, C. J. O'Callaghan, C. S. Karapetis, J. R. Zalcberg, D. Tu, H.-J. Au, S. R. Berry, M. Krahn, T. Price, R. J. Simes, et al.
Cetuximab for the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer
N. Engl. J. Med., November 15, 2007; 357(20): 2040 - 2048.
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 JCOHome page
J. A. Sloan, L. Berk, J. Roscoe, M. J. Fisch, E. G. Shaw, G. Wyatt, G. R. Morrow, and A. C. Dueck
Integrating Patient-Reported Outcomes Into Cancer Symptom Management Clinical Trials Supported by the National Cancer Institute Sponsored Clinical Trials Networks
J. Clin. Oncol., November 10, 2007; 25(32): 5070 - 5077.
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 Arch SurgHome page
P. Kornprat, W. R. Jarnagin, R. P. DeMatteo, Y. Fong, L. H. Blumgart, and M. D'Angelica
Role of Intraoperative Thermoablation Combined With Resection in the Treatment of Hepatic Metastasis From Colorectal Cancer
Arch Surg, November 1, 2007; 142(11): 1087 - 1092.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Ann OncolHome page
E. Bajetta, L. Celio, E. Ferrario, M. Di Bartolomeo, A. Denaro, K. Dotti, M. Mancin, R. Bajetta, A. Colombo, and S. Pusceddu
Capecitabine plus oxaliplatin and irinotecan regimen every other week: a phase I/II study in first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer
Ann. Onc., November 1, 2007; 18(11): 1810 - 1816.
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 JCOHome page
C. S. Fuchs, J. Marshall, E. Mitchell, R. Wierzbicki, V. Ganju, M. Jeffery, J. Schulz, D. Richards, R. Soufi-Mahjoubi, B. Wang, et al.
Randomized, Controlled Trial of Irinotecan Plus Infusional, Bolus, or Oral Fluoropyrimidines in First-Line Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Results From the BICC-C Study
J. Clin. Oncol., October 20, 2007; 25(30): 4779 - 4786.
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J. S. Tomlinson, W. R. Jarnagin, R. P. DeMatteo, Y. Fong, P. Kornprat, M. Gonen, N. Kemeny, M. F. Brennan, L. H. Blumgart, and M. D'Angelica
Actual 10-Year Survival After Resection of Colorectal Liver Metastases Defines Cure
J. Clin. Oncol., October 10, 2007; 25(29): 4575 - 4580.
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P. A. Tang, S. M. Bentzen, E. X. Chen, and L. L. Siu
Surrogate End Points for Median Overall Survival in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Literature-Based Analysis From 39 Randomized Controlled Trials of First-Line Chemotherapy
J. Clin. Oncol., October 10, 2007; 25(29): 4562 - 4568.
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 JCOHome page
R. Porschen, H.-T. Arkenau, S. Kubicka, R. Greil, T. Seufferlein, W. Freier, A. Kretzschmar, U. Graeven, A. Grothey, A. Hinke, et al.
Phase III Study of Capecitabine Plus Oxaliplatin Compared With Fluorouracil and Leucovorin Plus Oxaliplatin in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Final Report of the AIO Colorectal Study Group
J. Clin. Oncol., September 20, 2007; 25(27): 4217 - 4223.
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E. Diaz-Rubio, J. Tabernero, A. Gomez-Espana, B. Massuti, J. Sastre, M. Chaves, A. Abad, A. Carrato, B. Queralt, J. J. Reina, et al.
Phase III Study of Capecitabine Plus Oxaliplatin Compared With Continuous-Infusion Fluorouracil Plus Oxaliplatin As First-Line Therapy in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Final Report of the Spanish Cooperative Group for the Treatment of Digestive Tumors Trial
J. Clin. Oncol., September 20, 2007; 25(27): 4224 - 4230.
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