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Risk of Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome in Trials of Adjuvant Epirubicin for Early Breast Cancer: Correlation With Doses of Epirubicin and Cyclophosphamide

From the Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille; Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon; and Centre Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France; Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm; University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton; Cancer Research United Kingdom Laboratories, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Institut Jules Bordet and European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Data Center, Brussels, Belgium; National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Laurentius Hospital, Roermond, the Netherlands; Centre Hospitalier Princesse Grace, Monaco; Università degli Studi, Brescia; Ospedale Maggiore di Milano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico; and Safety Surveillance and Reporting, Pharmacia, Gruppo Pfizer, Milan, Italy

Address reprint requests to David Rogers, MD, Pharmacia, Gruppo Pfizer, Tower A, Via Lorenteggio 257, 20152 Milan, Italy; e-mail: david.w.rogers{at}pfizer.com

PURPOSE: We reviewed follow-up of patients treated in 19 randomized trials of adjuvant epirubicin in early breast cancer to determine incidence, risk, and risk factors for subsequent acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS).

PATIENTS AND METHODS: The patients (N = 9,796) were observed from the start of adjuvant treatment (53,080 patient-years). Cases of AML or MDS (AML/MDS) were reported, with disease characteristics. Incidence and cumulative risk were compared for possible risk factors, for assigned regimens, and for administered cumulative doses of epirubicin and cyclophosphamide.

RESULTS: In 7,110 patients treated with epirubicin-containing regimens (92% of whom also received cyclophosphamide), 8-year cumulative probability of AML/MDS was 0.55% (95% CI, 0.33% to 0.78%). The risk of developing AML/MDS increased in relation to planned epirubicin dose per cycle, planned epirubicin dose-intensity, and administered cumulative doses of epirubicin and cyclophosphamide. Patients with administered cumulative doses of both epirubicin and cyclophosphamide not exceeding those used in standard regimens ( 720 mg/m² and 6,300 mg/m², respectively) had an 8-year cumulative probability of developing AML/MDS of 0.37% (95% CI, 0.13% to 0.61%) compared with 4.97% (95% CI, 2.06% to 7.87%) for patients administered higher cumulative doses of both epirubicin and cyclophosphamide.

CONCLUSION: Patients treated with standard cumulative doses of adjuvant epirubicin ( 720 mg/m²) and cyclophosphamide ( 6,300 mg/m²) for early breast cancer have a lower probability of secondary leukemia than patients treated with higher cumulative doses. Increased risk of secondary leukemia must be considered when assessing the potential benefit to risk ratio of higher than standard doses.

Supported by Pharmacia, Gruppo Pfizer (previously Pharmacia & Upjohn).

Authors' disclosures of potential conflicts of interest are found at the end of this article.

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