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Prostate Cancer Immunology: Biology, Therapeutics, and Challenges

W. Scott Webster, Eric J. Small, Brian I. Rini, Eugene D. Kwon

From the Departments of Urology and Immunology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Medical School, Rochester, MN; Department of Medicine and the UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and the Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taussing Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH

Address reprint requests to Eugene D. Kwon, MD, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905; e-mail: kwon.eugene{at}mayo.edu.

A number of recently developed and promising approaches to antitumoral immunotherapy are being investigated as potential treatments for advanced prostate cancer. These approaches largely revolve around strategies to increase antigen-specific T-cell activation against prostate tumors as well as precise manipulations of critical co-regulatory receptors that help to maintain and prolong the activity of antigen-presenting cells and T cells that are capable of mediating tumor regression. Herein, we describe the experience with the most recent and promising approaches pertaining to prostate cancer immunotherapy. Additionally, we discuss the mechanistic basis for these approaches as well as current limitations that must still be addressed in order to propel immunotherapy into the forefront of prostate cancer treatment.

B.R. and E.K. are co-senior authors.

Authors' disclosures of potential conflicts of interest are found at the end of this article.

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