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Magnetic Resonance Imaging Captures the Biology of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ

Laura J. Esserman, Anjali S. Kumar, Alex F. Herrera, Jessica Leung, Alfred Au, Yunn-Yi Chen, Dan H. Moore, Daniel F. Chen, Jennifer Hellawell, Dulcy Wolverton, E. Shelley Hwang, Nola M. Hylton

From the Departments of Surgery, Radiology, Pathology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco; and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA

Address reprint requests to Laura J. Esserman, MD, MBA, Carol Franc Buck Breast Care Center, 2nd Floor, 1600 Divisadero, San Francisco, CA 94115; e-mail: laura.esserman{at}ucsfmedctr.org

PURPOSE: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important tool for characterizing invasive breast cancer but has proven to be more challenging in the setting of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). We investigated whether MRI features of DCIS reflect differences in biology and pathology.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty five of 100 patients with biopsy-proven DCIS who underwent MRI and had sufficient tissue to be characterized by pathologic (nuclear grade, presence of comedo necrosis, size, and density of disease) and immunohistochemical (IHC) findings (proliferation, Ki67; angiogenesis, CD34; and inflammation, CD68). Pathology and MRI features (enhancement patterns, distribution, size, and density) were analyzed using pairwise and canonical correlations.

RESULTS: Histopathologic and IHC variables correlated with MRI features (r = 0.73). The correlation was largely due to size, density (by either MRI or pathology), and inflammation (P < .05). Most small focal masses were estrogen receptor-positive. MRI enhancement patterns that were clumped were more likely than heterogeneous patterns to be high-grade lesions. Homogenous lesions were large, high grade, and rich in macrophages. Presence of comedo necrosis and size could be distinguished on MRI (P < .05). MRI was most likely to over-represent the size of less dense, diffuse DCIS lesions.

CONCLUSION: The heterogeneous presentation of DCIS on MRI reflects underlying histopathologic differences.

Supported by Department of Defense Breast Cancer Research Program US Army Materiel Command Grant No. DAMD 17-03-0481; American Cancer Society Grant No. RPG-97-036-EDT; and the Breast Cancer Research Foundation.

Authors' disclosures of potential conflicts of interest and author contributions are found at the end of this article.

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