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The Intraductal Approach to Breast Cancer Biomarker Discovery

From the Department of Academic Surgery (Breast Unit), Royal Marsden National Health Service Foundation Trust; and Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom

Address reprint requests to Gerald P.H. Gui, Department of Academic Surgery (Breast Unit), Royal Marsden National Health Service Foundation Trust, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JJ, United Kingdom; e-mail: gerald.gui{at}rmh.nhs.uk

Established methods of breast cancer detection have well-described limitations, and new diagnostic techniques are evolving continually to improve diagnostic accuracy. The intraductal approach encompasses the modalities of nipple aspiration, ductal lavage, and duct endoscopy, and is a means of directly accessing the microenvironment of the breast and either sampling or visualizing this intraductal milieu. The aim of sampling this mammary microenvironment is to obtain samples from the physical surroundings of cells that are undergoing malignant transformation, thereby providing a new method of detection before the development of a clinically or radiologically discernible mass. A literature review was conducted to investigate the evolution of the intraductal approach and its particular application in the field of biomarker discovery, primarily using the intraductal technique of nipple aspiration, in combination with emerging protein profiling techniques.

Authors' disclosures of potential conflicts of interest and author contributions are found at the end of this article.

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