Originally published as JCO Early Release 10.1200/JCO.2008.20.6722 on August 3 2009

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Prospective Study of [¹⁸F]Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography for Staging of Muscle-Invasive Bladder Carcinoma

From the Divisions of Urologic Surgery, Nuclear Medicine, Anatomic and Molecular Pathology, Diagnostic Radiology, and Biostatistics; Departments of Surgery and Pathology and Immunology; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology; and Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO.

Corresponding author: Adam Kibel, MD, Washington University School of Medicine, 4960 Children's Place, Box 8242, St Louis, MO 63105; e-mail: kibela{at}wustl.edu.

Purpose Novel imaging modalities are needed to detect occult metastatic disease in bladder carcinoma. Patients with regional lymphatic spread could be targeted for neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and patients with distant metastatic disease could be spared the unnecessary morbidity of radical cystectomy. Herein, we report a prospective study of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) with [¹⁸F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for cT2-3N0M0 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.

Methods Forty-three chemotherapy-naïve patients underwent FDG-PET/CT before planned cystectomy. All had negative conventional CT and bone scintigraphy before enrollment. Positive FDG-PET/CT was confirmed by percutaneous biopsy or open surgical exploration, whereas negative FDG-PET/CT was confirmed by complete lymphadenectomy. Recurrence-free survival (RFS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and overall survival (OS) were described using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using log-rank test.

Results Median follow-up was 14.9 months (range, 0.4 to 46.1 months). One patient who did not undergo lymphadenectomy was excluded from the pathology data analysis (n = 42), whereas another patient who failed to return for follow-up was excluded from survival analysis (n = 42). FDG-PET/CT demonstrated a positive predictive value of 78% (seven of nine), a negative predictive value of 91% (30 of 33), sensitivity of 70% (seven of 10), and specificity of 94% (30 of 32). RFS, DSS, and OS were all significantly poorer in the patients with positive FDG-PET/CT than in those with negative FDG-PET/CT.

Conclusion FDG-PET/CT detected occult metastatic disease in seven of 42 patients with negative conventional preoperative evaluations. PET findings were strongly correlated with survival. As such, FDG-PET/CT may help in making treatment decisions before radical cystectomy.

Authors' disclosures of potential conflicts of interest and author contributions are found at the end of this article.

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