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Communication Between Physicians and Older Women With Localized Breast Cancer: Implications for Treatment and Patient Satisfaction

From the Departments of Oncology and Medicine and School of Nursing, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Office of Cancer Survivorship, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Divisions of Medical Science and Population Science, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; and Boston University Medical Center and Department of Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.

Address reprint requests to Wenchi Liang, MD, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 2233 Wisconsin Ave NW, Ste 440, Washington, DC 20007; email: liangw1{at}georgetown.edu

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION APPENDIX REFERENCES

 
PURPOSE: To identify factors associated with patient-physician communication and to examine the impact of communication on patients’ perception of having a treatment choice, actual treatment received, and satisfaction with care among older breast cancer patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were collected from 613 pairs of surgeons and their older ( 67 years) patients diagnosed with localized breast cancer. Measures of patients’ self-reported communication included physician- and patient-initiated communication and the number of treatment options discussed. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationships between communication and outcomes.

RESULTS: Patients who reported that their surgeons mentioned more treatment options were 2.21 times (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.62 to 3.01) more likely to report being given a treatment choice, and 1.33 times (95% CI, 1.02 to 1.73) more likely to get breast-conserving surgery with radiation than other types of treatment. Surgeons who were trained in surgical oncology, or who treated a high volume of breast cancer patients ( 75% of practice), were more likely to initiate communication with patients (odds ratio [OR] = 1.62; 95% CI, 1.02 to 2.56; and OR = 1.68; 95% CI, 1.01 to 2.76, respectively). A high degree of physician-initiated communication, in turn, was associated with patients’ perception of having a treatment choice (OR = 2.46; 95% CI, 1.29 to 4.70), and satisfaction with breast cancer care (OR = 2.13; 95% CI, 1.17 to 3.85) in the 3 to 6 months after surgery.

CONCLUSION: Greater patient-physician communication was associated with a sense of choice, actual treatment, and satisfaction with care. Technical information and caring components of communication impacted outcomes differently. Thus, the quality of cancer care for older breast cancer patients may be improved through interventions that improve communication within the physician-patient dyad.

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION APPENDIX REFERENCES

 
PATIENT-PHYSICIAN communication about treatment decision making have been intensely studies in recent years, including topics on decision-making models,¹ direct observations of communication about treatment options,² use of decision aids,³ and patients’ preference for decision making and patient-physician communication.^4,5 Limited studies on patient-physician communication and cancer treatment outcomes suggest that communication can have important effects on cancer treatment and patient outcomes.^6-11 Examination of the effects of patient-physician communication on determinants of, and outcomes from, surgical treatment for localized breast cancer is especially important because both breast-conserving surgery (BCS) with radiation therapy (RT) and mastectomy have equivalent survival.^12-15 In such situations, presentation of adequate information, discussion of the alternatives, and elicitation of patient preferences is key to shared decision making.

Despite the increasing use of BCS over the past decade,¹⁶ older breast cancer patients receive BCS less often than younger women.^17-19 In addition, within older populations, RT is sometimes omitted after BCS.^20-22 Although many factors may explain these patterns of care,^23-29 it is possible that the quality of communication between older patients and their cancer physicians contributes to the observed treatment variability. A recent study showed that discussion of treatment options with physicians increased the probability of an older woman receiving definitive primary breast cancer therapy (defined as modified radical mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery with axillary dissection and radiation therapy).²

Using data from a cohort sample of older women ( 67 years) with early-stage breast cancer and their breast surgeons, this study addresses four research questions: (1) What factors are associated with more communication between older breast cancer patients and their surgeons? (2) Does communication influence patients’ perception of having a treatment choice? (3) Does communication affect the type of treatment received? and (4) Is greater communication associated with higher posttreatment patient satisfaction? We hypothesized that women 80 years or older would report receiving less information about treatment options, would ask fewer questions, and would perceive their physicians as less communicative than women 67 to 79 years old. Prior research has indicated that older women’s concerns and preferences (eg, no need of additional visits after primary treatment) may influence their choice between mastectomy and breast-conserving surgery.^30,31 We hypothesized that, if BCS was chosen, women with greater communication with doctors would be more likely to receive radiation therapy after BCS. Finally, we hypothesized that greater patient-physician communication would be associated with women’s perception of having a treatment choice and increased satisfaction with breast cancer care.

	MATERIALS AND METHODS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION APPENDIX REFERENCES

 
Setting and Study Population
The data for this study were collected as part of the breast cancer Outcomes and Preferences for Treatment in Older Women Nationwide Study (OPTIONS) project.³⁰ Institutional review board approval for this research was obtained at all participating institutions and all participating physicians and patients provided informed consent.

Potentially eligible women (n = 1,932)—those 67 years or older and diagnosed with localized breast cancer (T1-2, N0-1, M0)—were ascertained weekly from inpatient and outpatient pathology records and surgical logs at a convenience sample of 29 hospitals in five geographic regions (Massachusetts, Texas, District of Columbia, western New York State, and New York City) between November 1, 1995, and September 30, 1997. Hospitals were selected on the basis of the availability of a collaborating investigator and having a large number of elderly breast cancer patients. Three of the 29 hospitals were National Cancer Institute (NCI)–designated comprehensive cancer centers and 20 of the 29 had surgery programs accredited by the American College of Surgeons.

After excluding those who had nonprimary or multicentric breast cancer, had insufficient cancer stage information, lived in a nursing home, did not speak English, or were cognitively impaired, 1,377 women remained eligible. Physicians’ consent was obtained to contact 1,159 (84%) of these eligible women. Of the 784 women (68%) who agreed to participate, 66 were found to be ineligible after the interviews, resulting in 718 women in the final patient sample. The group of nonparticipants (either from physician refusal or patient refusals) and excluded women were similar in age, race, and treatment type.

Surgeons (n = 194) for the 718 participants were contacted to complete a survey. A total of 138 surgeons (70%) returned the survey. Of these, there were 613 pairs (85%) of patients with matching surgeon data. These patients and the rest of the sample were similar in terms of age, race, education, and treatment received.

Data Collection
Data were collected from patient interview, medical record abstraction, and physician survey. Patients were contacted 6 to 24 weeks after surgery to complete a face-to-face interview; telephone interviews were conducted if patients lived more than 100 miles from a study site. Seventy-two percent of the interviews were conducted in person. Women receiving a face-to-face interview did not differ from those receiving a telephone interview in terms of their sociodemographics and treatment received. Clinical information including procedures, histologic findings, and tumor staging data were obtained through standardized review of medical records. The self-administered mailed surgeon survey included questions about demographic characteristics, self-reported practice patterns, and attitudes toward patient participation in treatment decision making.

Measures
Outcome variables. Outcome variables included the patient’s perception of having a choice of treatment, actual treatment received, and satisfaction with care. Each woman’s perception of having a treatment choice was measured by her response (yes/no) to the question, "Do you feel you were given a choice about the types of surgeries or radiation treatments?"

Local breast cancer treatment actually received was categorized as breast conservation with radiotherapy (BCSRT), BCS alone, or mastectomy (MST). Breast conservation included excisional biopsy (with no follow-up procedures), lumpectomy, partial or segmental mastectomy, tylectomy, quadrantectomy, and wedge resection. Mastectomy included modified radical mastectomy and simple mastectomy.

Patients’ overall satisfaction with breast cancer surgery and other treatment was assessed by a single item on a five-point Likert type response scale ranging from "very satisfied" to "very dissatisfied." Since most (78.3%) of the participants selected "very satisfied," we dichotomized this variable into "very satisfied" versus all other responses.

Predictor variables. The main predictors for treatment and satisfaction included patient- and surgeon-initiated communication, the amount of treatment options mentioned by doctors, and surgeon’s attitude toward patient participation. Patients’ self-report of patient- and surgeon-initiated communication was measured using four questions modified from the Perceived Involvement in Care Scale.³² The two items measuring patients’ information-seeking were "I asked my surgeon to explain breast cancer treatments and/or procedure(s) to me in greater detail" and "I asked my surgeon a lot of questions about my breast cancer treatment options (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.73)." The two questions about surgeon-initiated communication were "My surgeon asked me about my worries about breast cancer" and "My surgeon encouraged me to give my opinions about my breast cancer (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.68)." Responses on all four items were rated on a five-point Likert scale ranging from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree." Since scores on scales were not distributed normally, we categorized scores at the median. Thus, scores on each subscale were categorized as high (score, 2 to 5) or low (score, 6 to 10) communication. These two variables were considered as outcome variables when their associations with controlling variables (see below) were evaluated.

The amount of information about local breast cancer treatment was measured by the total treatment options (breast-conserving surgery, mastectomy, axillary lymph node dissection, or radiation after BCS) patients reported receiving from doctors before surgery (scores ranged from 0 to 4). Surgeons’ attitudes were measured using an 11-item scale about surgeons’ attitudes toward patient involvement in treatment decision making developed by Liberati et al.²⁹ Statements were worded either positively or negatively and alternately ordered. For instance, a negative statement, "patients can’t possibly make good decisions because they don’t understand information," followed a positive statement, "patients who participate in treatment decisions make a better adjustment to the disease." Each statement was rated on a five-point Likert scale, ranging from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree." The higher the summary score (which ranged from 5 to 55), the more favorable a physician’s attitude toward patient participation. In our study, the internal consistency of the items in the Liberati scale was moderate (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.63); the average score among the 138 surgeons was 39.7.

Controlling variables. Several sets of variables were considered as having the potential to mediate the association between communication and outcomes. These included patient sociodemographic status, clinical and regional factors, process-of-care variables, and surgeon characteristics. Patient sociodemographic factors included age, race (white/nonwhite), socioeconomic status (measured by education, income, insurance, and whether working for pay), social support (number of adults living together), and marital status. Age was dichotomized (67 to 79 v 80 and older) because important age-related differences in treatment occurred for women older and younger than 80 years. Patients’ insurance status measured whether patients had private insurance supplemental to Medicare (and Medicaid) and health maintenance organization coverage. Clinical factors included comorbidity and cancer stage. Comorbidity was defined as the number of chronic conditions likely to affect treatment choices reported by the patient in the 2 months before breast cancer diagnosis. Stage was defined as stage I (T1N0M0), IIa (T1N1M0 or T2N0M0), and IIb (T2N1M0), according to pathologic (75%) and/or clinical (25%) staging. Treatment sites were categorized according to the five geographic regions. Process of breast cancer care variables measured whether women sought breast cancer information from another surgeon or a radiation oncologist before surgery and whether women were accompanied by other person(s) who helped make treatment decisions. Surgeon-related variables included length of time in practice (graduated before 1975 or after), sex, specialty training in surgical oncology (yes/no), volume of breast cancer patients (> 75% of practice or not), and affiliation with NCI-designated cancer centers.

Data Analysis
To assess differences in categorical and continuous variables, ² and t tests were used. A series of logistic regressions were then used to (1) identify factors associated with patient-surgeon communication; (2) evaluate how communication factors influenced patients’ perception of having a treatment choice; (3) evaluate the effect of communication and patients’ perception of having a treatment choice on treatment received; and (4) assess the relative importance of communication, patients’ perception of having a treatment choice, and actual treatment received on patient satisfaction after treatment. The C statistic, an index of rank correlation, was used to test model fit (SAS/STAT User’s Guide, Version 6; SAS Institute, Cary, NC, 1989). Treatment models examined the differences between receiving one type of treatment versus all other treatments. In addition, we compared BCSRT and BCS to understand the factors influencing receipt of radiation therapy after BCS.

Because there is a tendency that surgeons do not perform axillary node dissection for women 80 years and older before determining adjuvant therapy, this treatment option may not be offered during the medical encounter. Including axillary node dissection as one of the four items that constructed the variable "number of treatment options mentioned by the doctors," therefore, might artificially increase the difference in communication between the two age groups. However, our analyses using three-item (excluding node dissection) treatment option sum scores yielded the same significant relationships between predictors and outcomes as those seen when using four-item scores (data not shown). Therefore, we reported results from analyses using four-item scores to capture more information about communication.

For those variables with more than 3% (about 20 observations) of values missing (ie, patient income, volume of breast cancer patients cared for by surgeons, and second opinions sought by patients before surgery), a "missing" category was created to retain the maximal size in the sample for logistic regression analyses. In the case of satisfaction, where, because of an administrative error 20% of women were not asked this question, subjects were excluded from analysis. These excluded subjects who did not differ from the rest of the sample in terms of sociodemographics, cancer stage, and communication; however, they were more likely to be from Texas (43% v 31%, P = .018) than from any other region.

	RESULTS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION APPENDIX REFERENCES

 
Description of the Sample
Participants were predominantly white and well educated, with small (stage I) tumors (Table 1). Although no differences existed in surgeon factors between the two age groups, patients 80 and older reported receiving less information about treatment options (2.9 v 3.5, P < .001), and were less likely to state that they were given a choice of breast cancer treatment (75% v 85%, P = .01). These women were also less likely to initiate communication or perceive that their surgeons initiated communication less frequently than did women 67 to 79 years old (P = .002 and P = .07, respectively) than women 67 to 79 years of age. There was a borderline difference in level of satisfaction with care by age (84% v 77%, P = .05) (Table 1).

	DISCUSSION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION APPENDIX REFERENCES

Although both the amount of treatment information and surgeon-initiated communication influenced patients’ perceptions of having a treatment choice, the former was associated with receipt of RT after BCS but the latter was associated with greater satisfaction with care. This phenomenon points to the importance of looking separately at the "information" and "caring" aspects of physician communication: One emphasizes sharing treatment-related medical information, and the other addresses patients’ personal concerns and emotional needs.³³ This finding is consistent with previous studies demonstrating that giving patients biomedical information or showing competence does not predict patient satisfaction, whereas addressing patients’ psychological and emotional needs does.^34,35 Medical information, on the other hand, appeared to empower the oldest patients (80 years and older) to make decisions and to receive RT after BCS. It appears that fully discussing medical options with older patients in a caring manner may help improve women’s decision-making and health outcomes.³⁶

Among surgeon factors, those specifically related to cancer or breast cancer care, such as training in surgical oncology and the volume of breast cancer patients, were more highly associated with surgeon-initiated communication than were sex, duration of practice, or attitudes toward patient participation in the medical encounter. Knowledge and experience in oncology and breast cancer care may enhance the ability to communicate information with women facing breast cancer surgery. Surprisingly, surgeons affiliated with cancer centers were less likely to ask about patients’ worries or encourage communication. A high patient volume and tight schedules may limit surgeons’ time to ask questions, which could be confirmed by data on average time spent per visit. The lack of sex effects on communication and type of treatment performed is inconsistent with prior studies demonstrating that female doctors are better communicators^37,38 and that female surgeons perform more definitive breast cancer treatment.³⁹ It is possible that there were too few female surgeons (24%) in our sample to detect sex effects. Furthermore, selection biases could have produced these null effects. For instance, those male physicians who communicated better with patients might be more willing to participate in this study than average male physicians, which, in turn, lessened the sex difference in communication.

According to our data, physicians presenting more information about treatment may empower a woman to choose BCS with radiation therapy more effectively than merely making her feel she has a choice of treatment. Older women are often concerned about their ability to manage self-care needs when making treatment decisions, and, if given a choice, they may prefer a therapy that does not require additional procedures after initial treatment.⁴⁰ Since older patients are less likely to seek medical information than younger patients,⁴¹ our findings suggest that physicians may need to play a more active role in raising older women’s awareness of the advantages and disadvantages of various treatment options and helping them choose an appropriate treatment. Alternatively, older women could be encouraged to bring family members or friends with them to the clinic to increase patient-initiated communication about treatment options.

Our data demonstrate that age, compared with surgeon factors, plays a limited role in communication and choice for treatment. These findings suggest that communicating treatment options can be effectively improved through physician intervention, regardless of patient age. However, older age is associated with less intensive local treatment and greater satisfaction with care. This may be a cohort effect of this older generation that will disappear in the future. Alternatively, women 80 years or older may be more satisfied with or actually prefer less treatment, no matter how well treatment options were communicated. This also points out the difficulty of research on communication and quality of care in this older population.

Several caveats should be considered in interpreting our results. First, the generalizability of our findings is limited by the fact that this was a predominantly white, middle to upper middle class sample drawn from only 29 hospitals in five geographic regions. Although nonparticipants and participants were similar in age, race, and treatment type, we have no data to address the possibility that these two groups have different communication styles. Moreover, our data cannot confirm whether our results are specific to women age 67 and older alone or can be applied to younger women.

Second, our cross-sectional data cannot make causal inferences. For instance, it is not clear whether patients’ perception of having a choice of treatment is the cause or the result of their interactions with surgeons. Patients’ self-report of communication with surgeons is not an unbiased measure of what actually happened during the medical encounter. Direct observation or recording of communication at the time of actual decision making can produce objective information but is not deemed feasible in our study because of concerns about patient burden. Third, our single item measure of satisfaction does not focus on specific domains of care, such as satisfaction with communication and the ability to make treatment decisions, which may be important factors related to other outcomes. Finally, because multiple analyses were performed in this study, it is likely that some of the associations, especially those at a moderate significance level (.01 < P .05), are of borderline significance or occurred by chance alone. However, we reported these associations to maximize our understanding of communication and outcomes, which can be useful for future research and interventions.

Despite the above limitations, our findings suggest that physician-patient communication plays an important role in breast cancer treatment and outcomes among older women. Future research can benefit from a longitudinal cohort of a representative sample and the establishment of the relationships between style and content of communication, patient preferences, and cancer treatment choices and outcomes. Interventions to improve quality of care among older breast cancer patients should aim at delivering optimal treatment and improving patient satisfaction. Both goals can potentially be achieved by implementing a physician communication style, through continuing medical education, characterized by caring attitudes and comprehensive treatment information. Over the coming decades, older women are projected to constitute a larger absolute proportion of new breast cancer cases and survivors.^42-44 Thus, it is important to maximize communication within the older patient-physician dyad to ensure that treatment is consistent with older women’s preferences, is clinically appropriate, and maximizes posttreatment outcomes.

	APPENDIX

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION APPENDIX REFERENCES

 
of OPTIONS team members is available online at www.jco.org.

The OPTIONS team includes:Deborah Axelrod, MD, Beth Israel Medical Center; Frederick Barr, MD, Sibley Memorial Hospital; Christine Berg, MD, National Cancer Institute*; Caroline Burnett, RN, ScD, Georgetown University Medical Center; Anthony Cahan, MD, Beth Israel Medical Center; Stephen Edge, MD, Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Lynne Eggert, CRNP, MPH, Georgetown University Medical Center; Karen Gold, PhD, Georgetown University Medical Center; Luther Gray, Jr., MD, Sibley Memorial Hospital; Jackie Dunmore-Griffith, MD, Howard University Hospital; Ed Guadagnoli, PhD, Harvard Medical School; Jack Hadley, PhD, Georgetown University Medical Center; Marilyn Halper, MPH, Beth Israel Medical Center; Nuhad Ibrahim, MD, MD Anderson Cancer Center; Claudine Isaacs, MD, Georgetown University Medical Center; Jon Kerner, PhD, National Cancer Institute*; Jack Lynch, MD, Washington Hospital Center Cancer Institute; Jeanne Mandelblatt, MD, MPH, Georgetown University Medical Center; Neal Meropol, MD, Fox Chase Cancer Center; Jean Mitchell, PhD, Georgetown University Medical Center; Bert Petersen, Jr., MD, Beth Israel Medical Center; Julia Rowland, PhD, National Cancer Institute*; Kevin Schulman, MD, MBA, Duke University Medical Center*; Ruby Senie, PhD, Columbia School of Public Health; Brenda Shank, MD, PhD, Doctors Medical Center; Robert Siegel, MD, George Washington University Medical Center; Rebecca Silliman, MD, MPH, PhD, Boston University Medical Center; Juliana Simmons, MD, Washington Hospital Center Cancer Institute; Theodore Tsangaris, MD, Georgetown University Medical Center; Qin Wang, Georgetown University Medical Center; Jane Weeks, MD, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Rodger Winn, MD, MD Anderson Cancer Center.

The OPTIONS National Advisory Committee includes: Judith Baigis, RN, PhD, Georgetown University; Harold Freeman, MD, Harlem Hospital Center; Mary Jo Gibson, MA, American Association of Retired Persons; Bruce Hillner, MD, Medical College of Virginia; Joanne Lamphere, American Association of Retired Persons; Amy Langer, MBA, National Alliance of Breast Cancer Organizations; Marc Lippman, MD, Georgetown University Medical Center; Monica Morrow, MD, Prentice Women’s Hospital; Jeanne Petrek, MD, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Rashida Muhammad, National Council of Negro Women; Natalie Davis Spingarn; and David Winchester, MD, American College of Surgeons.

*The asterisk indicates that the individual was at Georgetown when the study was completed.

	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

 
Supported by Department of the Army Contract no. 17-96-C-6069, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality grant no. HS08395, and Department of the Army grant no. 17-94-J-4212.

We thank the women who shared their breast cancer stories with us, the surgeons for completing surveys, the OPTIONS support staff who made data collection possible, Mathematica Policy Research, Inc, for data management and collection, the OPTIONS National Advisory Committee for helpful suggestions on the conduct of the project, Sandy Fournier for administrative support, and Charles Cox for manuscript preparation. The full list of OPTIONS team members and the OPTIONS National Advisory Committee is available online at www.jco.org.

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TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION APPENDIX REFERENCES

 
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Submitted August 11, 2000; accepted October 10, 2001.

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