Originally published as JCO Early Release 10.1200/JCO.2003.09.081 on February 13 2003

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Randomized Trial of Dose-Dense Versus Conventionally Scheduled and Sequential Versus Concurrent Combination Chemotherapy as Postoperative Adjuvant Treatment of Node-Positive Primary Breast Cancer: First Report of Intergroup Trial C9741/Cancer and Leukemia Group B Trial 9741

From the ProHEALTH Care Associates, LLP, Lake Success; and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Mt Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Cancer and Leukemia Group B Statistical Office and Data Operations, Durham; Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem; and University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Northwestern University and Cancer and Leukemia Group B Central Office, Chicago, IL; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, and National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA; University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; and University of Vermont, Burlington, VT.

Address reprint requests to Marc L. Citron, MD, ProHEALTH Care Associates, LLP, 2800 Marcus Ave, Lake Success, NY 11042; email: mcitron{at}prohealthcare.com.

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION PATIENTS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Purpose: Using a 2 x 2 factorial design, we studied the adjuvant chemotherapy of women with axillary node–positive breast cancer to compare sequential doxorubicin (A), paclitaxel (T), and cyclophosphamide (C) with concurrent doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (AC) followed by paclitaxel (T) for disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS); to determine whether the dose density of the agents improves DFS and OS; and to compare toxicities.

Patients and Methods: A total of 2,005 female patients were randomly assigned to receive one of the following regimens: (I) sequential A x 4 (doses) T x 4 C x 4 with doses every 3 weeks, (II) sequential A x 4 T x 4 C x 4 every 2 weeks with filgrastim, (III) concurrent AC x 4 T x 4 every 3 weeks, or (IV) concurrent AC x 4 T x 4 every 2 weeks with filgrastim.

Results: A protocol-specified analysis was performed at a median follow-up of 36 months: 315 patients had experienced relapse or died, compared with 515 expected treatment failures. Dose-dense treatment improved the primary end point, DFS (risk ratio [RR] = 0.74; P = .010), and OS (RR = 0.69; P = .013). Four-year DFS was 82% for the dose-dense regimens and 75% for the others. There was no difference in either DFS or OS between the concurrent and sequential schedules. There was no interaction between density and sequence. Severe neutropenia was less frequent in patients who received the dose-dense regimens.

Conclusion: Dose density improves clinical outcomes significantly, despite the lower than expected number of events at this time. Sequential chemotherapy is as effective as concurrent chemotherapy.

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION PATIENTS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
ADVANCES IN the adjuvant chemotherapy of primary, operable breast cancer have come both from the introduction of effective agents and from the application of the principles of combination chemotherapy, which underlie much of contemporary oncology.^1,2 Attempts to advance those principles in the treatment of breast cancer by substantial escalation of drug dosage levels have thus far proven unsuccessful.^3,4 Indeed, for the three most useful agents, doxorubicin (A), cyclophosphamide (C), and paclitaxel (T), dose levels greater than 60 mg/m², 600 mg/m², and 175 mg/m² (given over 3 hours), respectively, are not more effective.^5–7 Here we report the initial results of a prospective, randomized study coordinated by the Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) on behalf of the National Cancer Institute’s Breast Intergroup, INT C9741. This study tested two novel concepts based on experimental data and mathematical reasoning. These concepts, dose density and sequential therapy, build on and further develop the theory of combination chemotherapy.⁸ This report is prompted by a statistically significant improvement associated with dose density at the protocol-specified analysis.

Dose density refers to the administration of drugs with a shortened intertreatment interval. It is based on the observation that in experimental models, a given dose always kills a certain fraction, rather than a certain number, of exponentially growing cancer cells.⁹ Because human cancers in general, and breast cancers in particular, usually grow by nonexponential Gompertzian kinetics, this model has been extended to those situations.^10–14 Regrowth of cancer cells between cycles of cytoreduction is more rapid in volume-reduced Gompertzian cancer models than in exponential models. Hence it has been hypothesized that the more frequent administration of cytotoxic therapy would be a more effective way of minimizing residual tumor burden than dose escalation⁸ (Norton L, manuscript submitted for publication). In the INT C9741 trial, the dose-dense schedule is accomplished by using granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (filgrastim) to permit every-2-week recycling of the drugs A, T, and C at their optimal dose levels rather than at the conventional 3-week intervals.

Sequential therapy refers to the application of treatments one at a time rather than concurrently. It does not challenge the concept that multiple drugs are needed to maximally perturb cancers that are composed of cells heterogeneous in drug sensitivity.² Rather, it hypothesizes that for slow-growing cancers like most breast cancers, it is more important to preserve dose density than to force a combination, especially if that combination would be more toxic and requires dose-reductions or delays in drug administration. If dose density is the same in a sequential combination chemotherapy regimen and a concurrent combination regimen, theoretical considerations indicate that the therapeutic results should be the same, even if the sequential pattern happens to be less toxic⁸ (Norton L, manuscript submitted for publication).

	PATIENTS AND METHODS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION PATIENTS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
This Intergroup trial, coordinated by the CALGB with participation from the Eastern Cooperative Group, Southwest Oncology Group, and North Central Cancer Treatment Group, was open for patient accrual between September 1997 and March 1999. Its objective was to treat women with primary adenocarcinoma of the breast (including metaplastic and bilateral lesions) and no metastases other than histologically involved axillary lymph nodes (T0 to T3, N1/2, M0).¹⁵ Primary therapy consisted of removal of the entire cancer by a segmental mastectomy (lumpectomy) plus axillary dissection or a modified radical mastectomy with no gross or microscopic invasive tumor at the resection margin. Required laboratory data were limited to an initial bilirubin level within institutional normal limits and, before each cycle of chemotherapy (including the first), a granulocyte count 1,000/µL and platelet count 100,000/µL. Eligible patients also had pretreatment chest radiographs and ECGs. All patients provided written informed consent meeting all federal, state, and institutional guidelines.

Designed for outpatients, all chemotherapy (Fig 1) was given intravenously, starting within 84 days from primary surgery. The study used a 2 x 2 factorial experimental design to assess the two factors of dose density (2 weeks v 3 weeks) and treatment sequence (concurrent v sequential) and the possible interaction between them. Patients were assigned with equal probability to one of four treatment regimens: (I) doxorubicin 60 mg/m² every 3 weeks for four cycles followed by paclitaxel 175 mg/m² every 3 weeks for four cycles followed by cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m² every 3 weeks for four cycles; (II) doxorubicin 60 mg/m² every 2 weeks for four cycles followed by paclitaxel 175 mg/m² every 2 weeks for four cycles followed by cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m² every 2 weeks for four cycles, with filgrastim days 3 to 10 of each cycle (a total of seven doses) at 5 µg/kg, which could be rounded to either 300 or 480 µg total dose; (III) doxorubicin 60 mg/m² plus cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m² every 3 weeks for four cycles followed by paclitaxel 175 mg/m² every 3 weeks for four cycles; (IV) doxorubicin 60 mg/m² plus cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m² every 2 weeks for four cycles followed by paclitaxel 175 mg/m² every 2 weeks for four cycles, with filgrastim days 3 to 10 of each cycle at 5 µg/kg rounded to either 300 or 480 µg total dose. Regimen III was the superior arm of protocol INT C9344, in which it was compared with four cycles of AC every 3 weeks not followed by paclitaxel.¹⁶ Regimen II, the most unconventional dose schedule, being both dose-dense and sequential, had previously been piloted in concept by Hudis et al.¹⁷

View larger version (26K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig 1. Treatment schema.

Radiation therapy, when used, was given after the completion of chemotherapy. Although recommendations regarding this technique were included in the written protocol, investigators were permitted to follow institutional guidelines. It was recommended but not required that tamoxifen 20 mg/d be started within 12 weeks after completion of chemotherapy and be given for 5 years to all premenopausal patients with hormone receptor–positive cancers and to all postmenopausal patients irrespective of receptor status.

Disease-free survival (DFS), which was the primary study end point, was measured from study entry until local recurrence, distant relapse, or death without relapse, whichever occurred first. The spreading of disease to the opposite breast that occurred concurrently with local and/or other distant sites was considered relapse; however, occurrence of disease in the opposite breast in the absence of local and distant recurrence was considered a second primary. All second primaries regardless of site were considered adverse events and not failures in DFS. Surviving patients who were disease-free were censored at the date on which they were last known to be free from their primary breast cancer. The secondary end point of overall survival (OS) was measured from study entry until death from any cause; surviving patients were censored at the date of last contact. Death as a result of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)/myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) was considered treatment-related. Target accrual was 1,584 patients over 22 months, with the initial study analysis to be performed at 3 years after completion of accrual. This provided 90% power to detect a 33% difference in hazard for either main effect, assuming an event rate equal to that of an earlier Intergroup (CALGB) trial.⁵ Cox proportional hazards regressions with Wald ² tests were used to model and assess the relation between DFS and OS, respectively, and treatment factors with clinical variables. Kaplan-Meier curves with log-rank tests were used to compare the distribution of time with events. Comparisons of two or more proportions used contingency table analysis. Ninety-five percent confidence intervals (CIs) of time-to-event variables used the method of Hosmer and Lemeshow.¹⁸ All P values are two-sided. Toxicity grading used the CALGB expanded common toxicity criteria. Patient information was collected on standard CALGB study forms by the CALGB Data Operations unit located in Durham, NC, and entered into the CALGB database. Data were current as of May 2002.

According to National Cancer Institute policy, this study was monitored by an independent Data and Safety Monitoring Committee (DSMC). The trial protocol specified 3 years of follow-up after the last patient accrued, and the DSMC released the results to the CALGB Breast Committee at that time. The study was activated in September 1997 and underwent the first monitoring review in November 1998. Subsequent reviews occurred every 6 months until June 2002, when the DSMB decided to release the data. A structured interim analysis plan included in the protocol was strictly adhered to. The plan specified the timing of the analyses, the adjusted P values, and spending function.

	RESULTS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION PATIENTS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Between September 1997 and March 1999, 2,005 volunteer female patients were accrued from CALGB (41%), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (30%), Southwest Oncology Group (16%), and North Central Cancer Treatment Group (13%). This total was increased from that planned (1,584) in an attempt to compensate for a faster than expected accrual rate. Thirty-two patients never received any protocol therapy. The 1,973 patients (> 98%) who were treated provide the basis for this report (Table 1). Median patient age was 50 years, 65% had estrogen receptor (ER)-positive tumors, the median number of involved lymph nodes was three, and 12% had 10 or more involved axillary lymph nodes. The regimens were balanced with regard to these and all other major pretreatment variables. The maximum and median follow-up times are 5 and 3 years, respectively. After a median follow-up of 36 months, 315 patients had experienced relapse or died, compared with 515 expected failures under the assumption that both arms would have the event rate we observed in CALGB 8541.⁵ The smaller number of failures than expected is partly explained by the rapid accrual rate and partly by the more favorable course of all women in the trial compared with that of women in prior CALGB studies.^5,16

View larger version (15K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig 2. (A) Disease-free survival by dose density; (B) overall survival by dose density.

View larger version (14K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig 3. (A) Disease-free survival by sequence; (B) overall survival by sequence.

View larger version (17K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig 4. (A) Disease-free survival by treatment arm; (B) overall survival by treatment arm.

The overall relative reduction in hazard attributed to dose-dense therapy was 19% for ER-positive tumors and 32% for ER-negative tumors. This difference by ER status (interaction between ER and treatment) is not statistically significant. There were no differences in the pattern of local recurrences for either treatment factor (dose density or sequence) despite differences in time from surgery to local radiation therapy (19 to 37 weeks).

Table 3 shows that OS was significantly prolonged in the dose-dense regimens (RR = 0.69; P = .013), even after adjusting for the standard clinical pretreatment variables mentioned previously. Treatment sequence was not significantly correlated with OS (P = .48). There was no interaction between density and sequence of treatment (P = .13). Figures 2B and 3B show the relation between OS and density and OS and sequence, respectively. Figure 4B shows the lack of interaction between the two factors.

Fifty-eight patients have developed second primaries (Table 9), including 11 cases of AML or MDS (inclusive of deaths) diagnosed from 10 to 42 months after study entry, 18 invasive breast cancers, and three cases of ductal carcinoma-in-situ, all distributed without pattern among the four regimens. The 3-year incidence of AML or MDS was 0.18%. This is similar to a prior Intergroup trial (0.17%) for a similar patient population at the same median follow-up.¹⁶ The incidence of leukemia does not seem to have been influenced by filgrastim. Dose-dense chemotherapy significantly reduced contralateral breast cancer (0.3% v 1.5%; P = .0004).

	DISCUSSION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION PATIENTS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

At 3 years after completion of accrual, the total number of relapses was lower than anticipated in this protocol-specified analysis. We speculate that this may be related in part to greater use of tamoxifen in this trial compared with in CALGB 8541 and possibly to a stage shift—within stage—as a result of improved mammographic screening. The patients treated with standard AC T every 3 weeks in C9741 had fewer relapses at the same follow-up point than patients treated with standard AC T in 9344, as reported by Henderson et al.¹⁶

The DFS in this study has sufficiently matured at 1 and 2 years of follow-up so that the statistically significant improvement resulting from dose density at 1 and 2 years will not be lost with further observation. However, the observed survival benefit of dose density occurs beyond 2 years and therefore is subject to greater change than that for DFS. On the other hand, OS benefit emerging later than DFS benefit is biologically tenable and adds credence to the observed survival benefit.

The DFS and OS advantages of dose density were not accompanied by an increase in toxicity. Indeed, the use of filgrastim in the dose-dense regimens resulted in a statistically significant decrease in granulocyte toxicity. However, the low rate of hospitalization and the absence of mortality during chemotherapy illustrate the safety of all four treatment regimens. The low rate of neutropenic sepsis also supports the safety of using a baseline granulocyte count of 1,000/µL (rather than the traditional 1,500/µL) for administering chemotherapy. The use of the lower limit also may account for the infrequent treatment delays.

At present, these data are consistent with mathematical predictions that dose density would improve therapeutic results and that sequential chemotherapy that maintains dose density would preserve efficacy while reducing toxicity. Several caveats are appropriate. The results might be drug- and disease-specific, the maximum follow-up of 5 years is still relatively short, and treatment-related patterns of late recurrence (including local recurrence) and toxicity may yet emerge. Also, confidence in the OS benefits at longer follow-up of a dose-dense schedule remains to be firmly established. The results of this trial are also limited by the fact that the rates of radiation across treatment arms have not yet been collated.

The cost/benefit ratio must be carefully considered, as filgrastim adds expense. Compared with standard treatment, it can add thousands of dollars to the chemotherapy regimen. Other negatives associated with filgrastim treatment may include mild/moderate myalgias and arthralgias as well as the inconvenience of 7 days of injections per course.

The statistically significant DFS and OS benefits observed for the dose-dense regimens warrant further research. Oncologists should consider the implications of this study for clinical practice in the context of these data. This data set will continue to be followed using standard statistical methodology, and further reports will be generated.

Our results indicate interesting directions for further research. For example, sequential dose-dense single-agent therapy could permit the rapid integration of new drugs into therapeutic regimens, including biologic agents. Shorter intertreatment intervals (ie, beginning re-treatment as soon as the granulocyte count reaches 1,000/µL, rather than at a fixed time interval) might be investigated. Quality of life for patients receiving such treatments might also be beneficially explored. Furthermore, research into the biologic etiology of Gompertzian growth and the molecular mechanisms of its perturbation could be used to hypothesize new, empirically verifiable dose-schedule manipulations.

	REFERENCES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION PATIENTS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
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16. Henderson IC, Berry DA, Demetri GD, et al: Improved outcomes from adding sequential pacitaxel but not from escalating doxorubicin dose in an adjuvant chemotherapy regimen for patients with node-positive primary breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 21:976–983, 2003[Abstract/Free Full Text]

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18. Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S: Applied Logistic Regression. New York, NY, Wiley, 1989, pp 42–44

19. Perloff M, Norton L, Korzun AH, et al: Postsurgical adjuvant chemotherapy of stage II breast carcinoma with or without crossover to a non-cross-resistant regimen: A Cancer and Leukemia Group B study. J Clin Oncol 14:1589–1598, 1996[Abstract/Free Full Text]

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21. Haskell CM, Green SJ, Sledge GW Jr, et al: Phase III comparison of adjuvant high-dose doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide (AC) versus sequential doxorubicin followed by cyclophosphamide (A->C) in breast cancer patients with 0–3 positive nodes (Intergroup 0137). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 21:36a, 2002 (abstr 142)

Submitted September 17, 2002; accepted January 31, 2003.

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  Marc L. Citron, Donald A. Berry, Constance Cirrincione, Clifford Hudis, Larry Norton, Eric P. Winer, William J. Gradishar, Nancy E. Davidson, Silvana Martino, Robert Livingston, James N. Ingle, John Carpenter, David Hurd, James F. Holland, Barbara Smith, Carolyn I. Sartor, Eleanor H. Leung, Jeffrey Abrams, Richard L Schilsky, and Hyman B. Muss
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