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Originally published as JCO Early Release 10.1200/JCO.2005.05.1003 on June 5 2006 © 2006 American Society of Clinical Oncology. Rituximab-CHOP Versus CHOP Alone or With Maintenance Rituximab in Older Patients With Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
From the Mayo Clinic, Rochester; Veterans’ Administration Medical Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Statistical Center, Boston; University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; University of Miami, Miami, FL; Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; Wichita Community Clinical Oncology Program, Wichita, KS; University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Address reprint requests to Thomas M. Habermann, MD, Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905; e-mail: habermann.thomas{at}mayo.edu
PURPOSE: To address early and late treatment failures in older patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), we designed a two-stage randomized trial of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) versus rituximab plus CHOP (R-CHOP), with a second random assignment to maintenance rituximab (MR) or observation in responding patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Untreated DLBCL patients who were 60 years or older were randomly assigned to R-CHOP (n = 318) or CHOP (n = 314); 415 responders were randomly assigned to MR (n = 207) or observation (n = 208). The primary end point was failure-free survival (FFS). All P values were two sided. RESULTS: Three-year FFS rate was 53% for R-CHOP patients and 46% for CHOP patients (P = .04) at a median follow-up time of 3.5 years. Two-year FFS rate from second random assignment was 76% for MR compared with 61% for observation (P = .009). No significant differences in survival were seen according to induction or maintenance therapy. FFS was prolonged with MR after CHOP (P = .0004) but not after R-CHOP (P = .81) with 2-year FFS rates from second random assignment of 77%, 79%, 74%, and 45% for R-CHOP, R-CHOP + MR, CHOP + MR, and CHOP, respectively. In a secondary analysis excluding MR patients, R-CHOP alone reduced the risks of treatment failure (P = .003) and death (P = .05) compared with CHOP alone. CONCLUSION: Rituximab administered as induction or maintenance with CHOP chemotherapy significantly prolonged FFS in older DLBCL patients. After R-CHOP, no benefit was provided by MR. These results, which are consistent with an additive effect of rituximab, suggest that future studies could focus on maintenance strategies with novel agents as well as new induction therapies.
More than 60% of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) are older than 60 years at diagnosis.1 Age was established as an adverse prognostic factor and is one of five factors included in the International Prognostic Index (IPI).2 Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) chemotherapy has been considered the standard treatment based on serial clinical investigations in which second- and third-generation chemotherapy regimens failed to demonstrate an advantage.3,4 Whereas younger patients may benefit from dose-intensified strategies that include stem-cell transplantation, alternative approaches are required for many older patients.5,6 DLBCL routinely expresses the pan–B-cell antigen, CD20. Rituximab is a chimeric anti-CD20 human immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody approved for treatment of recurrent follicular lymphoma.7 In 1994, when development of this study began, encouraging data were reported for the use of rituximab with CHOP (R-CHOP) in indolent lymphoma.8 The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) 4494/Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) 9793 trial was designed to address the two major areas of treatment failure in DLBCL identified by the IPI, namely failure of induction therapy and failure to maintain response.2 From February 1998 through July 2001, the ECOG and the CALGB, with participation from the Southwest Oncology Group, conducted the largest trial in this disease in the United States since 1986; the trial was a prospective phase III study comparing failure-free survival (FFS) in older DLBCL patients randomly assigned to either R-CHOP or CHOP, followed by a second random assignment in responders to either maintenance rituximab (MR) or observation.
Patients Eligible patients were 60 years or older with a diagnosis of untreated DLBCL. Central pathology review was completed on 92% of patients; patients were classified according to WHO criteria.9,10 CD20 expression was determined at the referring institution, and further immunostaining was performed on central review when lineage assignment was ambiguous. Eligible patients had an ECOG performance status of 0 to 3, stage I to IV disease, and at least one objective, measurable disease parameter. Exclusion criteria included transformed follicular lymphoma, CNS involvement, history of HIV infection, inadequate organ function, concomitant malignancy, and an ejection fraction less than 45%. This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines mandated by the Declaration of Helsinki. All patients signed informed consent documents approved by the institutional review board at each participating site.
Random Assignment and Treatment Use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) was recommended according to guidelines.11 CHOP was delayed 1 week for a neutrophil count less than 1,500/µL and a platelet count less than 100,000/µL and then administered at full dose with G-CSF support. In the event of sepsis or neutropenic fever, G-CSF was used to support optimal dose-intensity in subsequent cycles. Cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin doses were decreased for repeated grade 3 or 4 neutropenia or infection. Intrathecal methotrexate was recommended for patients with epidural, testicular, sinus, or marrow DLBCL.
Response Criteria and Follow-Up
Statistical Analysis The induction analysis compared FFS after first random assignment for R-CHOP versus CHOP, regardless of response or second random assignment, whereas the maintenance analysis compared FFS after second random assignment for MR versus observation in responders only, regardless of induction. The Data Monitoring Committee released the study results early when the maintenance comparison crossed the prespecified O’Brien-Fleming boundary.14 The current data represent 95% and 75% of the planned induction and maintenance information, respectively. A significant difference in the effect of maintenance therapy was observed by induction therapy (P = .05 for the interaction term in Cox proportional hazards regression model) because MR improved the outcome after CHOP but not after R-CHOP. To compare induction treatments without the confounding effect of maintenance therapy, analyses cannot simply exclude the CHOP + MR (n = 80) and R-CHOP + MR (n = 94) patients because this leads to a biased estimate of FFS and overall survival (OS) as a result of over-representation by patients who did not undergo the second random assignment (52%, 194 of 372 patients) compared with the proportion of all assessable patients who did not undergo the second random assignment (36%, 194 of 546 patients). An unbiased estimate is achieved by applying an approach (weighted Cox regression) that approximately doubled the information for patients randomly assigned to observation.15,16 As previously described for weighted Cox regression, the robust variance estimator provides a proper estimate of the variance of the relative risk estimate in this setting and can be implemented using the S-Plus function coxph (Statistical Sciences, Seattle, WA).17 The concept of the weighted analysis, to remove the bias that can result from analyzing only a subset of the patients in two-stage randomized designs, is consistent with previously proposed methods for the missing data problem.18-22 The results from the weighted Cox regression are denoted in this article as the analyses removing the effect of MR. Because this technique assumes that the MR and observation populations are comparable, we verified that the patient characteristics were similar in the two groups before conducting the analysis. There is a remote possibility that the two groups are different by a factor that we did not evaluate; this is unlikely because of the random assignment at the second step.
From February 1998 through July 2001, 632 patients were randomly assigned to induction, and 415 were randomly assigned to maintenance. There were 267 R-CHOP and 279 CHOP patients after exclusion for central pathology review (n = 76; most commonly because of follicular or marginal zone subtypes) and other reasons (n = 10). There were 174 MR and 178 observation patients after exclusion for pathology (n = 54 of the initial 76 exclusions) and other reasons (n = 9). The baseline patient characteristics were balanced for age, prognostic factors, and disease stage (Table 1). Nearly half of the patients in both groups had stage IV disease, and fewer than 15% had low-risk IPI disease.
There were no significant differences in adverse events between the induction arms (P > .18). The most common grade 3 and 4 toxicities after R-CHOP or CHOP therapy were neutropenia (78% and 78% of patients, respectively), anemia (17% and 16%, respectively), thrombocytopenia (14% and 10%, respectively), infection (17% and 16%, respectively), and cardiac toxicity (9% and 9%, respectively). The 27 lethal toxicities (5%) after R-CHOP or CHOP induction included infection (eight and seven patients, respectively), cardiac toxicity (five and five patients, respectively), and pulmonary toxicity (one and one patient, respectively). Grade 3 or 4 granulocytopenia was more common in MR patients (n = 23, 12%) compared with observation patients (n = 8, 4%; P = .008). Overall, grade 3 or 4 nonhematologic toxicity of all types was reported in 36 patients (18%) randomly assigned to MR and 32 patients (17%) randomly assigned to observation (P = .69). Forty-six percent of patients received six chemotherapy cycles, 33% received seven or more cycles, 20% received five or fewer cycles, and 1% had data missing. The number of rituximab infusions was four with six chemotherapy cycles and five with more than six cycles. The response rates before the second random assignment were similar for R-CHOP (77% CR/PR, 13% stable disease, 1% progressive disease, and 9% not assessable) and CHOP (76% CR/PR, 15% stable disease, 3% progressive disease, and 6% not assessable; P = .92). Because of the requirement for confirmation of responses at 4 weeks or later and the timing of the second random assignment within that period, CR rates (35% overall) are underestimated. Figures 1A through 1D illustrate outcomes at a median follow-up time of 3.5 years. The estimated 3-year FFS rate was 53% for R-CHOP and 46% for CHOP induction (HR = 0.78; 95% CI, 0.61 to 0.99; P = .04; Fig 1A). Survival differences were not statistically significant (HR = 0.83; 95% CI, 0.63 to 1.09; P = .18; Fig 1B). MR therapy significantly prolonged FFS (HR = 0.63; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.90; P = .009; Fig 1C). This benefit for maintenance therapy did not translate to longer survival (HR = 0.96; 95% CI, 0.63 to 1.47; P = .85; Fig 1D).
A significant difference in the effect of maintenance therapy was observed according to the type of induction therapy (HR = 2.10; 95% CI, 1.01 to 4.36; P = .05; Figs 2A to 2D). MR significantly prolonged FFS after CHOP (HR = 0.45; 95% CI, 0.29 to 0.71; P = .0004; Fig 2A) but not after R-CHOP (HR = 0.93; 95% CI, 0.53 to 1.66; P = .81; Fig 2B). The estimated 2-year FFS rates after second random assignment were 77%, 79%, 74%, and 45% after R-CHOP, R-CHOP + MR, CHOP + MR, and CHOP, respectively. These data indicate that rituximab as part of induction therapy or as maintenance in responding patients results in a significant prolongation of FFS (P < .001). There were no statistically significant survival differences with MR after CHOP (P = .27) or R-CHOP (P = .48; Figs 2C and 2D).
Because of the observed difference in effect of MR according to the type of induction, we performed a secondary analysis to further elucidate the effects of induction therapy without MR (Figs 3A and 3B). In this analysis, R-CHOP alone significantly decreased the risk of treatment failure compared with CHOP alone (HR = 0.64; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.85; P = .003), with an estimated 3-year FFS rate of 52% for R-CHOP and 39% for CHOP. Survival was also longer after R-CHOP induction alone (HR = 0.72; 95% CI, 0.52 to 1.00; P = .05), with an estimated 3-year OS rate of 67% for R-CHOP and 58% for CHOP. FFS benefit for R-CHOP was observed for both low/low-intermediate–risk and high-intermediate/high–risk IPI patients (P < .03).
This US Intergroup study resulted in important observations that complement the results of other studies using different schedules and total doses of rituximab and chemotherapy. These results challenge current concepts of synergy between rituximab and chemotherapy and demonstrate the potential role of sequential or maintenance chemotherapy in DLBCL. During the conduct of the Intergroup study, reports were published in support of our hypotheses and results.23,24 A landmark prospective randomized trial in older patients, primarily with DLBCL, demonstrated superior FFS and OS with R-CHOP (administered as rituximab on day 1 of each of eight CHOP cycles) compared with CHOP.25,26 Despite the use of fewer chemotherapy cycles and fewer rituximab treatments in the Intergroup trial, the FFS and OS results in the two studies are similar. Table 2 shows that the 3-year FFS results for R-CHOP alone (52%) versus CHOP alone (35%) for the Intergroup study are comparable to the 3-year Groupe d’Etude des Lymphomes de l’Adulte (GELA) R-CHOP (53%) and CHOP (35%) results.27 The comparative HRs for FFS were 0.64 for the Intergroup study and 0.58 for the GELA study. Likewise, the 3-year survival rates are similar at 67% for R-CHOP versus 58% for CHOP (HR = 0.72) in the Intergroup study and 62% for R-CHOP versus 51% for CHOP (HR = 0.72) in the GELA study. In comparing patient characteristics for the two studies, the median age is similar (69 years), but the Intergroup study patients were somewhat less favorable according to the IPI with 23% (R-CHOP) and 27% (CHOP) being high risk compared with 12% (R-CHOP) and 15% (CHOP) being high risk in the GELA study.25 Although differences in the number of chemotherapy cycles may ultimately emerge as important based on GELA data demonstrating an increased risk of subsequent cardiomyopathy with a cumulative doxorubicin dose of more than 300 mg/m2 (> six CHOP cycles), grade 3 to 4 cardiac toxicities were not different in our studies.28 Of interest, no difference in the efficacy of six cycles versus eight cycles of R-CHOP in older DLBCL patients was reported in an interim analysis of a large randomized trial.29
The prolongation of FFS with MR after CHOP (P = .0004) is an important observation from the Intergroup study. Consistent with these results, the use of sequential consolidation with alternative therapy after doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vindesine, bleomycin, and prednisone was superior to CHOP in poor-risk aggressive lymphoma patients,30 and sequential consolidation with high-dose therapy and transplantation, in some trials, was superior to the standard treatment arm.31,32 The necessity that a consolidation or maintenance strategy in DLBCL be novel or dose intense is indicated by our study results, which showed that continuing use of rituximab after R-CHOP failed to demonstrate benefit (Fig 2B). The Intergroup study results with MR are also potentially important from the standpoint of designing new treatments for DLBCL. The estimated 2-year FFS rates (77%, 79%, 74%, and 45% after R-CHOP, R-CHOP + MR, CHOP + MR, and CHOP, respectively) are more consistent with an additive effect rather than a synergistic interaction. Thus, it is appropriate to study new initiatives in sequential as well as in combination strategies in DLBCL. The data from our study do not support the use of rituximab alone as maintenance strategy after rituximab-based induction therapy. Of note, the observations from this study in DLBCL may not pertain to other trial designs or lymphoma subtypes. On the basis of the interaction (differences in effect of maintenance therapy according to induction therapy) observed in the Intergroup study, additional analyses were needed to elucidate the effects of R-CHOP alone compared with CHOP alone. Although outcomes were similar for patients who received rituximab either as induction or maintenance, MR was administered only to responding patients. At this time, our interpretation of the study results for clinical application is as follows. We recommend R-CHOP as the standard treatment for older DLBCL patients because induction treatment includes rituximab for all patients, whereas maintenance limits rituximab use to CHOP responders. Day 1 administration of each cycle is simple and convenient but also incurs more drug costs than the schedule used in the Intergroup study. Ultimately, the mature toxicity data as well as the efficacy associated with the number of chemotherapy cycles and the number of rituximab infusions must be considered. In a recent update of the GELA study with median follow-up time of 5 years, 17 R-CHOP deaths were recorded in patients in continued remission (nine attributed to known, probable, or possible cardiac cause) compared with five CHOP deaths (none cardiac).28 Further follow-up of all studies is necessary. After 30 years of CHOP as the treatment of choice for DLBCL, the addition of rituximab to CHOP defines the new standard of care. Continued efforts to prospectively identify biologic subsets of DLBCL and develop appropriate treatments are needed. The CALGB has initiated a study of R-CHOP versus the rituximab plus dose-adjusted etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin regimen in conjunction with gene expression profiling. Two international phase III studies comparing 21-day cycle R-CHOP-21 with 14-day cycle R-CHOP-14, building on the superiority of dose-dense therapy without rituximab in older patients, are in progress.33 Results from the US Intergroup study of R-CHOP with or without consolidative high-dose therapy and autologous transplantation in young high-risk patients are awaited. These studies will shed light on the optimal choice of chemotherapy for induction, the role of consolidation therapy, and important insights into the relationship between treatment and biologic subsets of DLBCL. In summary, the Intergroup study results inform future clinical trial design in that novel initiatives may be beneficial as combination or sequential strategies.
Although all authors completed the disclosure declaration, the following author or immediate family members indicated a financial interest. No conflict exists for drugs or devices used in a study if they are not being evaluated as part of the investigation. For a detailed discription of the disclosure categories, or for more information about ASCO's conflict of interest policy, please refer to the Author Disclosure Declaration and the Disclosures of Potential Conflicts of Interest section in Information for Contributors.
Dollar Amount Codes (A) < $10,000 (B) $10,000–99,000 (C)
Supported in part by Public Health Service Grants No. CA13650, CA23318, CA66636, CA21115, CA16450, CA35431, CA11083, and CA32291 and by the National Cancer Institute, the National Institutes of Health, and the Department of Health and Human Services. The contents of this article are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the National Cancer Institute. Authors’ disclosures of potential conflicts of interest and author contributions are found at the end of this article.
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Coiffier B, Lepage E, Briere J, et al: CHOP chemotherapy plus rituximab compared with CHOP alone in elderly patients with diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med 346:235-242, 2002 26. Feugier P, Van Hoof A, Sebban C, et al: Long-term results of the R-CHOP study in the treatment of elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: A study by the Groupe d’Etude des Lymphomes de l’Adulte. J Clin Oncol 23:4117-4126, 2005 27. Coiffier B, Herbrecht R, Tilly H, et al: GELA study comparing CHOP and R-CHOP in elderly patients with DLBCL: 3-year median follow-up with an analysis according to co-morbidity factors. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 22:596, 2003 (abstr 2395) 28. Hequet O, Le QH, Moullet I, et al: Subclinical late cardiomyopathy after doxorubicin therapy for lymphoma in adults. J Clin Oncol 22:1864-1871, 2004 29. Pfreundschuh M, Kloess M, Schmits R, et al: Six, not eight cycles of bi-weekly CHOP with rituximab (R-CHOP-14) is the preferred treatment for elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: Results of the RICOVER-60 trial of the German High-Grade Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group. Blood 106:9a, 2005 (abstr 13) 30. Tilly H, Lepage E, Coiffier B, et al: Intensive conventional chemotherapy (ACVBP regimen) compared with standard CHOP for poor-prognosis aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 102:4284-4289, 2003 31. Fisher RI: Autologous stem-cell transplantation as a component of initial treatment for poor-risk patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: Resolved issues versus remaining opportunity. J Clin Oncol 20:4411-4412, 2002 32. Lister TA: Who should receive myeloablative therapy for lymphoma? N Engl J Med 350:1277-1278, 2004 33. Pfreundschuh M, Trumper L, Kloess M, et al: Two-weekly or 3-weekly CHOP chemotherapy with or without etoposide for the treatment of elderly patients with aggressive lymphomas: Results of the NHL-B2 trial of the DSHNHL. Blood 104:634-641, 2004 Submitted November 25, 2005; accepted April 14, 2006. This article has been cited by other articles:
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ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
two risk factors). CHOP was administered in the standard dosage (cyclophosphamide 750 mg/m2 on day 1, doxorubicin 50 mg/m2 on day 1, vincristine 1.4 mg/m2 to a maximum of 2 mg on day 1, and prednisone 100 mg/m2 on days 1 through 5) every 21 days. On the basis of a modification of the original design of Czuczman et al,
