This Article Full Text (PDF) Purchase Article View Shopping Cart Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a colleague Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Save to my personal folders Download to citation manager Rights & Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Brugarolas, J. Articles by Kabbani, W. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Brugarolas, J. Articles by Kabbani, W. Related Articles Related Correspondence Social Bookmarking                            What's this?

Sirolimus in Metatastic Renal Cell Carcinoma

Department of Internal Medicine (Oncology Division) and Department of Developmental Biology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX

Yair Lotan

Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX

Lori Watumull

Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX

Wareef Kabbani

Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX

In October 2005, a 65-year-old man was referred to our clinic with the finding of a 7 cm right anterior lower-pole renal mass that had been discovered incidentally during a computed tomography angiogram of the abdominal aorta for evaluation of claudication. Computed tomography (CT) scans of the abdomen and chest showed no definitive evidence of metastatic disease and in November 2005, a laparoscopic radical nephrectomy was performed. The procedure was difficult as the tumor appeared to be somewhat adherent to the vena cava. Pathological analysis revealed a unifocal 6.8 cm renal cell carcinoma (RCC) invading into the sinus adipose tissue. The RCC was of the clear-cell type, Fuhrman grade 3, and despite removal of all the sinus fat, the sinus margin was positive. The patient recovered well from the surgery, and in February 2006, an enhanced abdominal and pelvic CT scan as well as plain films of the chest showed no evidence of tumor. However, by August 2006, bilateral pulmonary nodules and a 2.2 cm liver mass were observed. Past medical history was significant for cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) in 1999 and 2002 with residual verbal apraxia, as well as perioral and right hand numbness. The patient had extensive vascular disease with an occluded right carotid artery and 50% occlusion of the left carotid artery, and areas of stenosis in multiple arteries in the pelvis and lower extremities. Other relevant history included hypertension, hyperlipidemia, a 90 pack-year history of smoking (quit in 2002), and a history of micturition syncope resulting in a subdural hematoma, which was evacuated and left no sequelae. The patient presented with liver and lung metastasis nine months after the resection of a primary RCC. The possibility of conducting a biopsy was discussed, but the patient elected not to, and this was reasonable, as both the pattern of metastasis as well as the timing of his characteristics were not unusual for an RCC.¹

Several treatment options are available for front-line treatment of patients with metastatic clear cell RCC,² including sunitinib and temsirolimus.^3,4 Sunitinib is a small-molecule kinase inhibitor that improves progression-free survival, but which is associated with cardiovascular adverse events.⁵ During sunitinib clinical development there were two deaths due to CVA (data on file; Pfizer Inc, New York, NY), and patients with a history of CVA in the year prior were excluded from the phase III trial. While the frequency of arterial thrombotic events with sunitinib is estimated at less than 1%, given the potentially devastating consequences of an additional CVA, the benefit did not seem to outweigh the risk. Temsirolimus is a specific inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1; generically referred to as mTOR), which functions as an atypical serine/threonine protein kinase and is involved in the regulation of many cellular processes including in the regulation of protein translation.⁶ However, how inhibition of mTORC1 affects RCC is not known; some evidence suggests that it might involve the down-regulation of the hypoxia-inducible factor transcription factor.⁷ Temsirolimus has been shown to improve patient overall survival, but does not appear to increase objective response rates compared with interferon-.⁴ Importantly the temsirolimus phase III trial was targeted to patients in a poor prognosis category. Overall, temsirolimus was well tolerated and there were fewer patients with serious adverse events in this group than among those treated with interferon-.⁴ Importantly for our patient, temsirolimus does not appear to increase the risk of arterial thrombosis; in fact, mTORC1 inhibitors have been used to coat endovascular stents and might decrease the risk of stent occlusion.⁸ Our patient was in a lower risk category compared with the patients in the temsirolimus phase III trial (risk factors: disease-free-interval < 1 year, and multiple sites of metastasis), and while some evidence suggest that patients with fewer risk factors may benefit less from temsirolimus,⁹ temsirolimus seemed the best option. The patient had a history of hyperlipidemia, which might be exacerbated by mTORC1 inhibitors, but a lipid panel was normal. At the time of presentation however, temsirolimus had not been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, and it could not be obtained. Repeat CT scans were conducted in November 2006 and these showed marked disease progression; the dominant metastasis in the left lobe of the liver had in 3 months increased from 2.2 cm to 6.3 cm in diameter, and a new 2 cm lesion in the right hepatic lobe had appeared. While the patient remained asymptomatic, given the rapid rate of tumor progression, therapy seemed warranted. Sirolimus, like temsirolimus, is an inhibitor of mTORC1 (in fact, mTOR derives its name from sirolimus, which is also called rapamycin); it had been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 1999 for immunosuppression following renal transplantation and was therefore commercially available. Of note, temsirolimus is a sirolimus ester (compare chemical structures in Figs 1A and 1B) that is hydrolyzed to sirolimus in patients, such that 74% of the circulating drug following weekly temsirolimus is actually sirolimus^10,11 (compare Figs 1C and 1D [Adapted/redrawn with permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd]). At trough, circulating sirolimus concentrations exceed those of temsirolimus by approximately a factor of ten (compare drug levels at 168 hours in Figs 1C and 1D).¹² Following a discussion of this information with the patient, it was decided to proceed with sirolimus, and this was started in December 2006. Sirolimus is metabolized through the cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily A, polypeptide 4 (CYP3A4), which is involved in the metabolism of a large number of drugs, and while the patient was taking no CYP3A4 inducers or inhibitors, other drugs were adjusted to minimize the number of agents metabolized by this enzyme and diminish the probability of drug-drug interactions. Importantly, while the patient was not on warfarin, warfarin is also a CYP3A4 substrate and doses might need to be adjusted in patients taking (tem)sirolimus. Sirolimus was initiated at a dose of 6 mg orally daily without a loading dose, and sirolimus levels were measured at trough after a week on treatment (when levels are believed to stabilize). At this time, sirolimus levels were found to be 8 ng/mL (Fig 1E). This level was within the range of trough sirolimus levels observed after the administration of weekly temsirolimus (compare trough sirolimus levels in the patient at 8 days in Fig 1E with trough sirolimus levels 168 hours after temsirolimus administration in Fig 1D), and the sirolimus dose was maintained. Throughout the treatment course, sirolimus trough levels were between 8 and 15.5 ng/mL (Fig 1E), and sirolimus was well tolerated. CT scans of the abdomen and pelvis in February 2007 showed the hepatic and pulmonary metastasis to remain stable. Repeat CT scans in April showed a new 0.5 cm right hepatic lesion, but otherwise stable metastasis in the liver and lungs (Fig 2 and data not shown) and sirolimus was continued. In June and August 2007, CT scans of the chest and abdomen showed metastasis to remain stable in size, and no new lesions were observed (Fig 2 and data not shown). Thus, the size of the lesions in the liver and lungs did not appear to substantially change over a period of 8 months, and the patient remained on sirolimus. These results were in stark contrast with pretreatment scans, which showed the dominant left hepatic lesion to have tripled in diameter and interval development of a second 2 cm left hepatic lesion in the span of 3 months (Fig 2). In contrast to the effects observed in the liver and lung, disease progression was readily evident in the brain. A pretreatment magnetic resonance imaging scan in December 2006 showed a 4 mm occipital metastasis. The lesion was asymptomatic and without appreciable edema and radiation therapy was withheld. A repeat magnetic resonance imaging scan in February 2007 showed a doubling in the diameter of the occipital brain metastasis, surrounding edema, and an adjacent new 2 mm metastasis. Stereotactic radiosurgery was administered with good control. However, in August 2007, multiple brain metastases were found. In conclusion, oral sirolimus can achieve trough levels comparable with those found following the administration of temsirolimus. In our patient, compared with a pretreatment analysis, the administration of sirolimus was associated with a marked decrease in the rate of tumor progression outside the CNS. While this was not the case for our patient, one setting in which sirolimus might be more advantageous than temsirolimus is in patients with renal failure who are on hemodialysis (HD). Temsirolimus has not been studied in HD patients, and HD might only affect circulating levels of temsirolimus modestly because of its relatively large molecular weight (1030 Da), its large volume of distribution, and its being bound to blood-formed elements. However, because temsirolimus is typically dosed weekly, the effects of HD on circulating drug levels are likely to be more profound with temsirolimus than for oral sirolimus, which is administered daily.

View larger version (13K): [in this window] [in a new window] [PowerPoint Slide for Teaching]   Fig 1.

View larger version (51K): [in this window] [in a new window] [PowerPoint Slide for Teaching]   Fig 2.

The author(s) indicated no potential conflicts of interest.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Supported by Physician-Scientist KO8 Award (1K08NS051843) (J.B.); Clinical Scientist Development Award, Doris Duke Charitable Foundation (J.B.); and V Scholar Award, V Foundation for Cancer Research (J.B.). We thank Beni Stewart and Dorothy Smith for figure editing.

REFERENCES

1. Lam JS, Shvarts O, Leppert JT, et al: Postoperative surveillance protocol for patients with localized and locally advanced renal cell carcinoma based on a validated prognostic nomogram and risk group stratification system. J Urol 174:466-472, 2005[CrossRef][Medline]

2. Brugarolas J: Renal-cell carcinoma: Molecular pathways and therapies. N Engl J Med 356:185-187, 2007[Free Full Text]

3. Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Tomczak P, et al: Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 356:115-124, 2007[Abstract/Free Full Text]

4. Hudes G, Carducci M, Tomczak P, et al: Temsirolimus, interferon alfa, or both for advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 356:2271-2281, 2007[Abstract/Free Full Text]

5. Chu TF, Rupnick MA, Kerkela R, et al: Cardiotoxicity associated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib. Lancet 370:2011-2019, 2007[CrossRef][Medline]

6. Wullschleger S, Loewith R, Hall MN: TOR signaling in growth and metabolism. Cell 124:471-484, 2006[CrossRef][Medline]

7. Brugarolas J, Vazquez F, Reddy A, et al: TSC2 regulates VEGF through mTOR-dependent and -independent pathways. Cancer Cell 4:147-158, 2003[CrossRef][Medline]

8. Serruys PW, Kutryk MJ, Ong AT: Coronary-artery stents. N Engl J Med 354:483-495, 2006[Free Full Text]

9. Dutcher JP, Szczylik C, Tannir N, et al: Correlation of survival with tumor histology, age, and prognostic risk group for previously untreated patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (adv RCC) receiving temsirolimus (TEMSR) or interferon-alpha (IFN). J Clin Oncol 26:18s, 2007 (abstr 5033)[CrossRef]

10. Atkins MB, Hidalgo M, Stadler WM, et al: Randomized phase II study of multiple dose levels of CCI-779, a novel mammalian target of rapamycin kinase inhibitor, in patients with advanced refractory renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 22:909-918, 2004[Abstract/Free Full Text]

11. Raymond E, Alexandre J, Faivre S, et al: Safety and pharmacokinetics of escalated doses of weekly intravenous infusion of CCI-779, a novel mTOR inhibitor, in patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 22:2336-2347, 2004[Abstract/Free Full Text]

12. Boni JP, Leister C, Bender G, et al: Population pharmacokinetics of CCI-779: Correlations to safety and pharmacogenomic responses in patients with advanced renal cancer. Clin Pharmacol Ther 77:76-89, 2005[CrossRef][Medline]

CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Facebook    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter    What's this?

Related Correspondence

• Temsirolimus in Patients With Renal Cancer on Hemodialysis
  Gianluigi Lunardi, Maria Ornella Vannozzi, Andrea Armirotti, Maurizio Nicodemo, Marco Venturini, and Lucia Cavallini
  JCO 2008 26: 5652-5653 [Full Text]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				J. Brugarolas Molecular Pathways and Targeted Therapies for Renal Cell Carcinoma ASCO Educational Book, January 1, 2009; 2009(1): 710 - 715. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Lunardi, M. O. Vannozzi, A. Armirotti, M. Nicodemo, M. Venturini, and L. Cavallini Temsirolimus in Patients With Renal Cancer on Hemodialysis J. Clin. Oncol., December 1, 2008; 26(34): 5652 - 5653. [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Full Text (PDF) Purchase Article View Shopping Cart Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a colleague Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Save to my personal folders Download to citation manager Rights & Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Brugarolas, J. Articles by Kabbani, W. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Brugarolas, J. Articles by Kabbani, W. Related Articles Related Correspondence Social Bookmarking                            What's this?